CIHM 
Microfiche 
Series 
(Monographs) 


SCMH 

Collection  de 
microfiches 
(monographies) 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microroproduc lions  /  Inctltut  canadien  do  microroproduchons  historiques 


^1999 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  techniques  et  bibliographique'^ 


"'"'"':  insi,'.j*e  has-  attempted  to  obtain  the  best  original 
c  " ^y  av/aii'cile  for  fi'tiing.  Features  of  this  copy  which 
--ioy  hp  D.fc'iographJcaily  unique,  which  may  alter  any  of 
ttie  im.--r-s  in  the  reproduction,  or  which  may 
significantlv  change  the  usual  method  of  filming  are 
checked  below. 


D 


Coloured  covers  / 
Couverture  de  couleur 


□    Covers  damaged  / 
Couverture  endommagee 

□    Covers  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Couverture  restauree  et/ou  pelliculee 

Cover  title  missing  /  Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

I '    Coloured  maps  /  Cartes  geographiques  en  couleur 

□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)  / 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


n 


n 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations  / 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material  ' 
Relie  avec  d'autres  docui,  jnts 

Only  edition  available  / 
Seu'e  edition  disponible 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortiori  along 
interior  margin  /  La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  c'e 
I'ombre  cu  de  la  distorsion  le  'cng  do  !a  marce 
interieure. 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restorations  may  appear 
within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these  have  been 
omitted  from  filming  /  II  se  peut  que  cerlames  paces 
blanches  ajoutees  lors  d'unc  restauraticn 
apparaissent  dans  le  texte.  mais,  lorsque  cela  etait 
possible,  ces  pages  n'ont  pas  ete  filmees. 

Additional  comments  / 
Commcntaires  supplementaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilme  le  meilleur  exemplaire  qu'il  lui  a 
ete  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details  de  cet  exem- 
plaire qui  sont  peut-etre  uniques  du  point  de  vue  bibli- 
ographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier  una  image  reproduite, 
ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une  modification  dans  la  metho- 
de  normale  de  film.age  sont  indiques  ci-dessous. 


D 


Coloured  pages  /  Pages  de  couleur 
I I    Pages  damaged/ Pages  endommagees 


n 


□ 


n 


n 


Pages  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Pages  restaurees  et/ou  pelliculees 


I    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed  / 
— !    Pages  decolorees,  tachetees  ou  piquees 


Pages  detached  /  Pages  detachees 

Showthrough  /  Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies  / 
Oualite  inegale  de  I'lmpression 

Includes  supplementary  material  / 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Pages  wholly  or  palialiy  obscured  by  errata  slips 
tissues,  etc..  have  been  refilmed  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  totalement  ou 
partieilement  obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une 
pelure,  etc,  ont  ete  filmees  a  nouveau  de  fa^on  a 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  po.ssible. 

Opposing  pages  with  varying  colouration  or 
discolouraiions  are  filmed  twice  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  .mage  /  Les  pages  s'opposant  ayant  des 
colorations  variables  ou  des  decolorations  sont 
filmees  deux  fois  afin  d'obtenir  la  meilleure  image 
possible. 


This  itoni  IS  (ilnird  iil  the  rrdiiction  rnlio  chrckf  d  below  / 

Cp  document  p>;t  dlinp  nii  t.uii  dp  rnrlnrlinn  inriinuo  ri.H<.««rM. 


10x 

14x 

18x 

22x 

26x 

30x 

1 

12x 

16x 

20x 

24x 

28x 

32x 

The  copy  filmed  here  haa  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

J.J.  Talman  Regional  Collection, 
D.B.  Weldon  Library, 
University  of  Western  Ontario 

The  images  appearing  hero  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — •"  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning    ■END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'oxemplaire  film*  fut  reproduit  grace  i  la 
g^n^rosit*  de: 

J.J.   Talman  Regional   Collection, 
D.B.   Weldon   Library, 
University  of  Western  Ontario 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t*  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nenet«  de  I'exemplaire  film*,  et  en 
conformit*  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
fiimage. 

Las  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papiFr  est  imprimie  sont  filmds  en  commencant 
P«    ■•    premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniire  page  qui  compoae  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  seion  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exensplaires 
ongmaux  sont  film*s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
derni^re  image  de  chaque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — •-  signifie  "A  SUIVRE ",  le 
symbole  V  signifie   'FIN  ". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  etre 
film*s  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  etre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich*.  il  est  film*  d  partir 
de  I'angle  supirieur  gauche,  de  gauche  ^  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas.  en  prenant  le  nombre 
dimages  n*cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
iliustrent  la  m*thode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

. — 

5 

6 

MICROCOPY    RESOLUTION    TEST    CHART 

ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    2 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


l|[|Z8 

IIM 

140 


1.4 


|||Z5 
12.2 

2.0 
1.8 


1.6 


^  -^F^F'LIED   IM/^GE     Inc 

r..=  •T.   Ne«   Vork         1*609       USA 

■=  ■•,    482  -  OJOO  -  Phone 

=  '16)   288  -  5989  -  Fo. 


Ja/^/,^ 


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rV,=       i'-'v'S?-. 


Hon.  David  Glass,  Q.C. 

SOME   OF    HIS    WRITINGS 
AND   SPEECHES 


COMPILED  BY 

CHESTER     GLASS 

Ol'    OSGOODE    HAI.L,    B  A  R  R  I  STE  R- AT- L  A  W 


ca 


NEW    YORK 

THE    TROW    PRESS,    Publishkrs 

MCMIX 


EXTRACTS  FROM  HEXRY  MORGAN'S  BOOK 

"  CANADIAN  MEN  AND  WOMEN  OF 

THE  TIME  1898" 

DAVID  GLASS,  Q.C.,  the  second  son  of  the 
Uito  Samuel  Glass,  who  came  to  Canada  in 
1819.  His  aiu'ostors  came  from  Scotland  to  the 
north  of  Ireland,  and  settled  at  Loch  Glass,  1607. 
Born  in  the  township  of  Westminster,  Out.,  July 
20,  1829,  he  was  educated  at  the  London  (irammar 
School,  and  with  James  Thompson,  the  well-known 
classical  teacher.  He  was  called  to  the  bar,  1864-, 
and  practiced  for  some  years  in  London,  Ont., 
where  his  firm  conducted  an  extensive  and  varied 
business.  He  defended  Jones  in  the  Delaware  mur- 
der trial;  Thomas  Coyle,  in  the  Nissouri  murder 
case;  and  Smith  in  the  Sombra  murder  trial,  at 
Sarnia.  He  also  defended  Wilson  in  the  celebrated 
arson  trial,  at  Windsor,  Ont.  He  was  elecied  to 
the  mayoralty  of  London  by  a  unanimous  vote  in 
1858.  He  was  subsequently  twice  eb^cted  to  the 
mayoralty  by  a  vote  of  the  people.  He  was  Deputy 
Judge  of  the  County  of  Middlesex.  Created  a  Q.C, 
in  l!^7<t.  He  was  elected  a  bencher  of  the  Law  So- 
ciety of  Ontario,  ISSO.  Removing  to  Winnipeg, 
1882,  he  was  called  to  the  bar  of  Manitoba,  May, 
1882,   and   was   soon   after   api)ointed   Solicitor  for 


•CANADIAN  .MEN  AM)  WOMEN  OF  ]S!>8." 


the  City  of  Winiiii)c<>-,  in  wliicli  city  lie  (Mijoyod  a 
hirgc  and  lucrative  jiracticc  in  jiartiicisliiii  with  liis 
son,  Chester  Glass.  Jn  is 72  he  was  elected  in  the 
conservative  interest  to  the  House  of  Coininons  for 
East  ^liddlesex,  and  sat  in  that  ll..u>e  duiiui;  the  en- 
suing Parliainent.  In  October,  1M73,  he,  with  thir- 
teen other  supporters,  opposed  Sir  John  ^Macih^nald's 
( Jovernnient  <»n  what  was  known  as  tlie  "  Pacific 
Railway  Scandal."  His  speech  in  the  House  on  tluit 
occasion  was  reported  in  ])aniphlet  form,  and  had  a 
very  wide  cir<-ulation.  There  was  no  invective 
against  the  Government  in  his  remarks,  hut  an  arjru- 
nient  nj)on  the  constitutional  ipiestion  before  the 
House.  The  great  speech  of  Sir  Domild  Smith,  now 
Lord  Strathcona,  soon  f<il lowed,  and  the  Govern- 
ment resigned  on  Novend)er  5,  1873.  Tn  18SG  Mr. 
Glass  was  elected  for  St.  Clements,  in  ^fanitoba,  and 
soon  after,  by  a  unanimous  vote,  was  chosen  Speaker 
of  the  Legislative  Asseiiddy,  which  otfice  lie  filled 
to  the  end  of  the  Parliament.  "While  occupying  the 
dual  position  of  City  Solicitor  and  Speaker  of  the 
Assembly  he  had  an  attack  of  muscular  rheumatism. 
His  doctors  advised  a  discontinuance  of  sedentary 
employment.  For  two  succeeding  years  he  spent 
most  of  the  time  on  the  salt  watcM-.  and  became  com- 
pletely restored  to  robust  health.  In  IssJ)  he  visited 
the  Paris  Exposition,  and  in  1890  and  ISOI  passed 
a  large  part  of  his  time  in  New  York  and  Boston 
and  the  neighboring  seaport  towns.     In  1S."»;]  he  at- 


"CAXADIAX  MEN  AND  WOMEN  OF  18.8." 

tended  the  World's  Fair  at  New  York,  and  in  1«76 
the  World's  Fair  at  Philadelphia,  and  the  Paris  Ex- 
position in  iss'j.  lie  ai'  1  .1  the  Chicago  Expo- 
sition, I^'>:'>.  Mr.  Class  ...  .\s  had  a  fondness  for 
travel.  When  he  was  twenty  years  of  age  he  viz- 
itfd  the  Wc-t  India  Islands,  and  with  otliers  crossed 
Mexico  on  horseback  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  and  theu  e  to  the  gold  ticlds  of  Cali- 
firrnia. 

In  1804,  after  an  interview  with  President  Lin- 
coln, at  Washington,  Mr.  Glass  gave  his  inipressiona 
of  that  great  man  in  the  London  Free  Press,  and 
afterwards  presided  at  a  mass  meeting  at  London, 
to  give  expression  to  the  jmhlic  abhorrence  of  his 
assassination.  In  180U  he  joined  the  masonic  order, 
and  soon  became  master  of  his  mother  lodge  and 
mend)er  of  the  (I rand  Lodge  of  Canada.  He  has 
taken  32°  in  the  Scottish  Kite  and  has  visited  some 
of  the  finest  lodges  in  the  world.  In  1893,  at  the 
Chicago  World's  F'air,  he  was  one  who  attended  the 
World's  Congress  of  ^lasonry  at  the  ^Masonic  Tem- 
ple. In  1880  ]\Ir.  Class  took  an  active  part  in  ob- 
taining fnnds  for  the  relief  of  distress  in  Ireland. 
He  delivered  a  lecture  at  Cliatham,  subject,  "  Roths- 
diild.  King  of  Cold."  The  proceeds,  one  hundred 
pounds  sterling,  were  the  same  night  cabled  to 
Dublin.  On  that  occasion  Mr.  Clnss  was  entertained 
at  dinner  by  the  cor])oration  and  hauling  men  of  that 
citv. 


"CA>;adia.\  mes  and  women  of  ksds. 


It  may  be  addt'd  that  t^inee  the  publishing  of  Dr. 
Morpni's  book  of  ISHS,  tliat  ^Ir.  Glass  visited  Alaska 
and  was  present  at  the  opening  of  the  Skagway  Rail- 
way. 

On  the  10th  of  April,  l!iOO,  he  took  passage  at 
Vancouver  on  the  steamship  "  Empress  of  Japan," 
and  after  going  over  the  .lajjanese  Empire  for  sev- 
eral months  he  embarked  at  Yokohama  on  board  the 
''  Empress  of  China  "  en  route  for  Shanghai  and 
thence  by  steamer  to  Wei-IIai-Wei,  Chefoo  and 
Tientsin,  with  the  intention  of  visiting  Pekin,  the 
capital,  but  Mr.  Drew,  to  whom  he  had  letters, 
shewed  Ijim  the  railroad  that  had  been  torn  up  by 
the  Boxers,  and  dissuaded  him  from  going  further; 
he  then  returned  to  Shanghai,  where  he  embarked 
on  Iward  the  "  Empress  of  India  "  for  Ilong  Kong, 
and  .-jnce  to  Singapore,  Penang,  (\ylon  and  India, 
where  he  remainid  some  weeks.  Then  tlirough  the 
Red  Sea  and  the  Mediterranean  to  Marseilles,  thence 
to  ^N  pies,  Pompeii  and  Vesuvius,  and  across  Aus- 
tria to  Oberanmiergau,  and  had  the  opportunity  of 
seeing  the  Passion  Play  in  1!K)0,  and  spending  a 
month  at  the  Paris  Exposition  and  sometime  at  lirus- 
sels  and  the  field  of  Waterloo.  Tie  arrived  in  I.on- 
don,  Engliind,  ahout  the  1st  of  OctoUir,  1!M)0,  and 
was  interviewed  in  regard  t(*  riiinese  affairs,  and 
recommended  a  solution  of  ditliculties  there.  On 
the  mnming  of  the  .'M  of  Octohcr  he  was  informed 
of   the    j)roli:il<!c   dissolution    of  the    House   of  ^^om- 


< 


-CANADIAN'  MEX  AND  WOMEN  OF  1898." 

inons  on  the  8th  of  that  T.iontli  and  requested  by 
Mr.  Foley  to  speak  in  behalf  of  his  cousin  at  the 
general  election.  The  contest  chiefly  was  as  to  the 
approval  or  disapproval  of  the  Government's  conduct 
of  the  war  in  South  Africa,  and  being  strongly  in 
favor  of  it,  Mr.  Glass  consented.  This  brought  on 
a  general  participation  in  the  British  elections.  ^ 
thirteen  different  constituencies  he  spoke  in  al 
twenty-eight  times,  from  a  colonial  point  of  view, 
moving  about  entirely  at  his  own  expense  chiefly  in 
order  to  study  the  habits  of  the  British  people.  The 
Government  was  sustained  by  a  larger  majority  than 
thev  had  in  the  House  before  dissolution. 
He  returned  to  America  in  June,  1901. 


LECTURE    OX    '' ROTIISCIIILD, 
KIXG    OF    GOLj" 

IN"  1880,  all  over  Canada,  an  effort  was  nia<lo  to 
alleviate  as  far  as  possible  the  sufTeriii^  on  ac- 
count of  tiie  failure  of  crops  in  Ireland.  ;Mr.  (Jlass 
took  an  active  part  in  tlic  inovein,  iit. 

The  city  (»f  Cliafliani,  Canada,  was  anxious  to  se- 
cure funds  for  this  laudable  purpose.  To  aid  the 
object  in  view,  Mr.  Class  delivered  a  lecture  in  the 
^lusie  Hall  ther'»,  which  was  repoi't.'d  as  follows: 

IRISH    RKI.IKr 


I)i;m»).\stk-atio\    to  tmat    K.\o  a  r  Ciiaiiiam 


LaI!OK    CiATlIKlMNci    AT    TMK    Ol'KIfA     IIol'SK 


ElUI-l-rANT     F.K(  T-MiK     UV     l)A\ri)    (Il.ASS,    (^.C. 

I  he  IJattle  <.f  .h  na  was  fought  in  October, 
ISOC),  Xapojcdii  in  pci-on  coiniiiandinir  the  French, 
while  the  Duke  of  Ilrun-wjck  led  the  Prussian  army. 
The  Ccrnuins  were  cut  to  pieces,  dcfcateil  and  driven 
back  at  every  point.  I'heM  tiie  eaiile-;  of  Fraui'c  were 
••arried  in  triumph  overall  Xorthecn  Cei'inany,  th<» 
city  of  licrlin  entered  ;ind  -aeked.  the  wh.de  nation 
pro-trated   liefore  tiie  .Man  of   i)cMin\. 

Ihlrilli:  the  pro^re-,  ,,\'  the-e  event-  lle—e  Ca-sel 
witii   it-;   !..iiid<.;rave,    IMnrc   Willi, iin,  wa-  m  alliaiico 

(5 


LECTrKE    OX    ROTHSCHILD 

witli  Napok'oii.  Hesse  Cassel  had  grown  very  rich, 
chiefly  out  of  the  barbarous  custom  tlieii  in  vopie  of 
selling  the  young  men  to  fight  in  foreign  wars.  The 
State  now  joined  hands  with  the  French  Emperor 
upon  the  agreenunt  that  the  Prince,  with  his  im- 
mense stores  of  gold,  should  remain  unmolested. 

For  a  tinH>  the  agreement  was  resj)ected.  Soon, 
liowever,  the  wants  oi  th(>  victori<ms  legiims  became 
overpowering:  Houaparte  resolved  to  fall  hack  on  his 
ally,  and  appropriate  his  wealth  for  the  use  of  the 
army. 

Kike  Warren  Hastings,  ]iromising  i)rotection  to  the 
Princesses  of  Oude,  and  when  in  his  ])ower,  plunder- 
ing them  of  their  enormous  wealth,  not  sjiaring  even 
their  personal  jev.-els,  so  Najxdeon  determined  to  for- 
feit the  compact  upon  the  ground  laid  d(*wii  a-  a  iini- 
damental  |)roposition  that  when  he  had  not  as  numy 
rujM'es  as  tlie  public  service  recpiiretl.  they  were  to  be 
taken  wherever  found. 

'I'lic  news  (if  Xai)oh  iTs  resolve  soon  reached 
I'riucc  William  of  Hesse,  (ireat  was  his  agitation 
an<l  the  con-teniatioii  of  hi-  adviser-^.  Not  a  moment 
was  to  be  iestl  Tliev  determined  to  select  some  in- 
dividual to  wJK.m  tile  wlmle  trea-ure  could  be  tnnis- 
f<Tred,  |ieii(iiiig  the  teniiiuatiuu  (if  the  war.  ISut 
wlio,  (d'  all  tiieir  subjects,  could  tliey  ti\  iipon^  He 
must  not  lu'  a  promitient  banker,  a  prominent  states- 
man  or  soldier.      Then   who   was  he  to  l)e^ 

Sometime   before   lliis   eveni    the    Prince   had   sent 


LECTFRE    ON    ROTIISCiriLD 

for  a  broker  and  money  changer  at  r  rankfort  to  act 
for  him  in  a  business  transaction.  When  the  broker 
came,  he  stood  behind  the  chair  of  the  Prince,  who 
was  at  the  moment  deeply  engaged  in  a  game  of 
chess  with  General  Emerick  Otto,  Baron  of  Estarff. 
The  game  had  reached  a  point  of  the  utmost  inter- 
est. The  Prince  had  the  right  to  move.  lie  surveyed 
the  board  for  a  full  quarter  of  an  hour,  in  earnest, 
absorbed  meditation,  with  his  head  resting  on  his 
hands,  aud  then  raising  himself  slightly,  vnth.  a  faint 
sigh  of  despair,  turning  to  the  broker,  said:  *'  Do  you 
understand  chess!'  " 

The  reply  was:  -'Would  your  Serene  Highness 
take  Bishop's  pawnT'  This  v.as  the  master  stroke. 
In  an  instant  the  tide  of  battle  turned.  Soon  the 
game  was  wmi.  From  that  day  the  Prince  became  a 
warm  admirer  and  friend  of  the  Frankfort  Broker. 

A  great  crisis  had  now  arisen  in  the  House  of 
Hesse  Cassel ;  a  rendition  of  the  whole  treasure  of  the 
State  must  be  nuide,  or  if  not,  the  booming  of  ar- 
tillery would  be  heard  aiu!  the  nmn-slayer  be  upon 
the  threshold  of  the  palace. 

Prince  AVilliam  resolved  that  he  who  had  saved 
him  in  the  battle  of  chess  should  be  his  trusted  aid 
in  the  battle  for  gold. 

F.ut  Frankfort  was  distant  100  miles  from  Cassel. 
At  night  uii  the  Trh  of  December,  ISO);  two  srrooms 
were  in  waiting  in  the  courtyard  with  the  favorite 
hunter  from  th.-  Roval  Stables.     .\  vouth  of  twenty 

8 


LECTURE    OX    ROTHSCHILD 


came  quickly  out,  and  after  a  few  confidential 
words  with  a  group  of  Statesmen,  sprung  into  the 
?addlo;  the  grooms  gave  the  hunter  rein,  and  with 
the  lightness  of  a  carrier  pigeon,  after  passing  the 
gates  and  getting  clear  of  the  city,  he  darted  south- 
ward. By  that  hour  the  following  night  the  youth 
was  within  twenty  miles  of  Frankfort,  and  with  the 
aid  of  a  fresh  horse,  before  daylight  he  stood  in  the 
small  parlor  of  the  Frankfort  broker.  Also  before 
daylight  the  broker  was  on  his  way  back  to  Cassel, 
which  he  reached  in  all  haste. 

In  the  meantime,  preparations  were  being  made 
for  the  removal  of  the  gold  and  silver.  The  vaults 
were  entered.  Fifty  men  were  at  work  removing  it 
to  as  many  carts.  The  Broker  was  a  Jew,  a  learned 
Jew,  well  favored  and  loved  by  his  people.  Many  of 
his  co-religionists  were  quickly  enlisted  in  his  service, 
who  with  ready  hands  and  willing  hearts  a33isted  in 
the  trust  now  forced  upon  him.  Five  million  dol- 
lars, equal  to  twenty  millions  at  this  day,  were  de- 
livered to  him  in  coined  money,  weighing  about  forty 
tons.  Xo  interest  to  be  charged,  but  he  took  an  oath 
to  defend  it,  even  at  the  risk  of  his  life,  and,  after 
the  war,  to  return  it  to  the  Elector. 

The  nann'  of  the  broker  was  Meyer  Kotlisehild. 
lie  was  then  sixty-three  vears  of  age.  His  life  had 
been  one  not  of  prudish  abstemiousness,  but  yet  free 
from  all  exces.'^es.  lie  was  straight  and  strong,  a 
realization  of  the  proverl)  that  "  Men  of  genius  never 

9 


LECTURE    OX    ROTHSCHILD 

prow  old."    He  liad  reached  forth  his  hand  and  taken 
the  apple  of  life.     He  had  early  been  taught 

Be  wise  in  youth, 
And  youth  will  ever  be ; 
For  wisdom  drives  off  age 
And  all  infirmity. 

The  history  of  the  Broker  may  be  told  in  a  few 
words.  He  was  a  native  of  the  free  eity  of  Frank- 
fort-on-the-]\Iain — Frankfort,  around  whieh  the  pages 
of  history  cluster,  where  Charlemagne  held  council, 
and  where  for  centuries  (Jerman  Emperors  were 
crowned ;  this,  the  most  ancient  of  all  the  free  cities, 
the  seat  of  the  German  Diet,  where  the  Golden  Bull 
found  a  resting  place;  for  two  thousand  years  the 
emporium  of  the  com  and  wine  from  the  rich  basins 
of  the  ^laiu  and  Rhine — Frankfort,  the  great  his- 
toric city   of  tine  old   (iermany. 

In  the  Jewish  (juarter  of  the  city  is  a  ^treet  to 
which  the  Hebrew  po])ulation  was  contined  ;  at  each 
end  of  it  a  heavy  gate  closed  and  barred  at  night, 
to  keep  the  .l('w>  from  passing  out  :  the  street,  nar- 
row and  dingy,  wiili  its  high  gal 'cd  projecting 
houses,  excluding  the  -uu  and  air. 

I  he  story  goes  tliat  over  the  <]oor  of  one  of  the 
houses  might  have  been  si'cu  a  large  rv(]  >liield,  Iwing 
the  trade-mark  nf  a  thrifty  merchant,  \\\\n  had  a  son 
born  in  the  hou-e.  The  Imy  \va<  carefully  nurtured 
and  educated  in  all  the  my.-teries  of  the  Taluiud,  to 

10 


LECTURE    OX    ROTHSCHILD 

qualify  him  for  tli-  liiiili  and  sacred  office  of  a  Jewish 
Rabbi.  At  an  early  ac;e  the  parents  died,  the  youth 
removed  to  Hanover,  the  more  perfectly  to  devote 
himself  to  study.  AVhih^  there  he  formed  the  ac- 
quaintance of  llerr  Otfenheim,  a  hanker,  and  soon 
relinquished  the  rabbinical  studies  to  enter  the  bank- 
ing house  of  his  friend,  when  he  adopted  the  name  of 
Rothschild,  or  Red  Sliiehl,  the  latter  being  the  sign 
of  his  father's  Innise. 

After  years  of  industry,  he  returned  to  his  native 
citv,  there  commence<l  the  business  of  a  broker  and 
money  changer,  and  on  the  night  of  the  Sth  of  De- 
cember, 1S()(),  was  roused  from  his  slumbers  by  the 
breathless  courier  from  Cassel,  informing  him  that 
he  had  been  chosen  to  take  charge  of  the  whole 
wealth  of  the  Elector,  then  threatened  by  Napoleon's 
approaching  army. 

'Hie  history  of  the  fifty  cart  loads  of  coin, 
its  Hight  from  ]»oint  to  jioint  in  the  hands  of  trusted 
friends  until  carried  away  into  ether  parts  of  Europe, 
has  never  been  written,  and  ncv^r  will  be,  excepting 
that  this  large  ftuid  became  the  substratum  upon 
wbi','h  the  House  of  Rothschild  was  founded,  upon 
which  rests  the  most  colossal  accumulation  of  wealth 
ever  possessed  by  a  single  family  from  the  com- 
mencement of  the  world  to  the  present  time. 

Napoleon,  with  his  army  of  heroes,  had  concpu'red 
Europe.  Standing  a1  Lubec,  surrounded  by  Mar- 
shals  Ney,   Mural,   N'ictor,    Lannes.  and   a   hundred 

11 


LECTURE    OX    ROTHSCHILD 


veteran  generals,  -with  one  hand  grasping  the  Rus- 
sian frontier,  the  other  laved  in  the  Gernnui  Ocean; 
looking  southward,  he  saw  the  Continent  prostrated 
at  his  feet,  while  he  wore  the  crowns  of  victory  won 
at  Lodi,  Rivoli,  Alexandria,  ^Marengo,  Austerlitz,  Vi- 
cinia,  Jena  and  Berlin,  battles  all  towering  up  like 
a  succession  of  grand  monuments  over  the  graves  of 
fallen  nations,  from  the  battle  of  the  Pyramids  to 
where  he  then  stood,  lord  and  master  of  the  free 
city  of  Lube<'. 

Empires,  Kingdoms,  Xations  and  Powers,  like  ripe 
fruit,  fell  in  his  j)athway,  to  be  apportioned  out  wher- 
ever he  cared  to  lavish  his  generosity.  Alexander 
ihe  Great,  (Vsar  or  Charlemagne,  marvelous  as 
their  exploits  were,  fell  far  short  of  the  achievements 
of  the  lirst  Xapoleon.  And  yet  Rothschild,  the 
Eranktort  broker,  spirit(>d  away  five  millions  of  dol- 
lars from  within  trumpet  sound  of  the  victorious  le- 
gion. 

Prince  William  selected  Rothschihl,  not  for  the 
security  he  could  give;  this  was  a  moment  when  there 
was  no  security.  A  check  on  a  bank  was  valueless 
as  a  check  on  a  bank  of  snow  or  a  ihund  ••chmd, 
I  Jut  the  Frankfort  i)roker  had  ability  and  integrity, 
both  of  wtiich  in  after  years  were  well  proven. 

Xature  hail  made  him  a  prince  in  his  own  right, 
had  imprinted  u]ion  him,  in  bis  own  ])er<on,  (jualities 
whii'b  a  score  of  titles  could  never  adorn,  wliili'  the 
secret   which  now  surrounded  the  Hessian  Treasure 

^■2 


LECTURE    OX    ROTHSCHILD 

fixed  in  liim  a  new  order  of  nature,  which  he  in- 
grafted so  iniiexibly  upon  his  five  sons,  as  to  make 
strict,  unbciulin<>;  secrecv  one  of  the  cardinal  features 
of  their  great  House,  rendering  information  in  re- 
gard to  it  only  procurable  from  scraps  and  cnunbs 
of  literature  and  iiistory.  The  founder  of  the  House 
carried  this  principle  into  his  very  acts  of  kindness 
and  charity,  frequently  sending  money  to  needy  per- 
sons by  unknown  means,  or  thrusting  gold  into  their 
hands  in  the  street,  and  then  hurrying  off  with- 
out disclosing  who  their  benefactor  was.  His  con- 
tributions to  his  peo]ile  and  faith  increased  with  his 
increasing  wealth.  His  company  was  sought  and 
courted  by  the  potentates  of  Europe.  The  fame  of 
his  wealth,  his  generosity  and  honor,  extended  far 
ajid  wide,  but  surrounding  all,  and  above  all,  there 
rested  the  thick  veil  of  intense  mystery,  the  deei)est 
secrecy.  At  a  good  old  age  he  died  in  the  house  of 
his  father  at  Frankf(U-t,  surrounded  by  his  tive  sons, 
Anselm,  Solomon,  Xathan,  Charles  and  James. 

His  last  moments  were,  as  much  of  his  former  life 
had  been,  spent  in  admonishing  his  sons  to  swear  eter- 
nal fi<lelity  to  each  other,  and  profound  secrecy  in 
all  their  dealings  with  the  world,  together  with  strict 
obedience  to  the  acknowledgf^d  Head  of  the  House, 
which  for  all  time  should  be  an  examj)le  of  the  ex- 
(pusite  beauties  and  simplicity  of  the  j)atriarchal  cus- 
tom'i  of  tl>c  .Icwisli  nation,  flducated  for  the  office 
of  Rabbi,  he  was  deeply  learned  in  all  the  traditional 


LECTURE    OX    ROTHSCHILD 


rites,  ceremonies  and  invj^tcries  of  the  Jewish  faith, 
together  with  the  gloom  which  had  shadowed  them 
for  three  thousand  years.  He  had,  times  without 
number,  recounted  to  liis  sons  the  persecutions  their 
race  had  undergone.  How  they  had,  with  an  exalted 
heroism,  raised  aloft  the  standard  of  Almighty  Cfod, 
and  us  J I  is  chosen  beloved  people  carried  that  stand- 
ard into  a  hundred  millicm  graves  as  evidence  of 
their  fidelity  to  a  cause  which  must  bear  fruit,  now 
and  liereafter,  far  into  the  remotest  eternity.  That 
they  were  the  descendants  of  the  essence  of  the  sacred 
race,  and  must  ponder  upon  mysteries  of  the  oral  law, 
as  well  as  the  sacred  records,  having  ever  before  them 
the  evidence  of  divinity  found  in  the  Talmud  and 
^lidrash;  that  their  secular  teachings  of  repentance, 
peacefulness,  disinterestedness,  joyfulness,  intrepid- 
ity and  tem])erance  all  ])ointed  to  the  same  high 
origin.  How  tlie  four  hundred  years  of  relentless 
l)ondage  in  Egy])t  had  been  sliattered  and  broken  by 
the  direct  interposition  of  the  Hebrew  (Jod,  sacred 
to  which  the  great  Feast  of  the  Passover  should  l)e 
commemorated  forever,  while  Pentecost  preserved 
fresh  to  all  Eternity  the  Law  as  delivered  from 
Mount  Sinai.  That  they  should  l)e  especially  warned 
by  the  evils  wronglit  in  the  old  days  by  their  Xation 
commingling  or  intermarrying  with  the  heretical  na- 
tions around  them. 

They  ,vere  tanght  to  remember  the  heroic  age  of 
Hebrew  history.     Tiie  Golden  Age  when  David  and 

14 


lioli 


LECTURE    OX    ROTITSCIIILD 

his  son  Solomon  sat  upon  the  Jewish  throne  eighty 
successive  years.     How   Daniel  became  Head  of  all 
the  rulers  in  the  Persian  Empire.     And  the  numerous 
persecutions  they  had  suffered.   That  Crassus  had  pil- 
laged the  Temple  and  carried  off  ten  million  dollars 
in  "old.      That  in  the  massacres  of  Alexandria  and 
Babylon  the  barbaric  carnage  was  such  that  over  a 
millifm  of  the  jx^ople  were  openly  butchered.     That 
the  countries  of  Europe  had  imposed  upon  them  the 
most  ini(piitous  forms  of  taxation;  body  tax,  capita- 
tion tax,  trade  tax,  coronation  tax.     That  in  the  City 
of  York,  England,  and  at  Paris,  hundreds  had  been 
burned   alive   for  their  religion  while   in   their  last 
moments  they  sang  hymns  joyously,  as  if  at  a  wed- 
ding feast.     All  this  was  borne  with  Hebrew  forti- 
tude, knowing  that  no  persecution  could  destroy  or 
permanently  injure  the  innnortal  race.     They  were 
reminde<l  that  while  all  outside  their  own  faith  were 
heretics,  yet,  in  the  midst  of  the  world's  persecutions, 
Se         V  was  the  first  to  relax  the  penal  laws  against 
then     the  first  to  let  faintly  shine  upon  them  the 
light  of  freedom.     Yes,  their  slavery  had  been  heavy, 
very   heavy,   but   anxiously   they   awaited   their   re- 
demption.     These      ere  the   warnings,   the   admoni- 
tions of  the  dying  Hebrew.     They  W(>re  reminded, 
too,  that  in  every  nation  into  which  they  had  been 
carried   as  captives,   or  to   which    they   had  tied  for 
safety,  these  sublime  habits  of  life  had  eiuibled  them 
to  rise  to  the  highe^t  eminence. 

15 


J 


LECTFRE    OX    EOTIISCIIILD 

Meyer  Rotliscliild  reminded  his  sons  that  wealth 
vas  power,  'i'hat  they  had  the  strategy  to  accumn- 
hite  this,  hut  to  preserve  it  the  utmost  secrecy  must 
be  maintained. 

Thus  the  founder  of  tlie  great  House  passed  away, 
loved  bv  all,  but  es])eeiallv  honored  and  revered  by 
liis  own  people,  not  failing  in  his  last  moments  to 
secure  the  tulHllment  of  the  great  Hessian  Trust. 

The  eldest  son,  Anselm,  who  had  renuiined  with 
his  father,  continued  the  Frankfort  House,  the  second 
son,  Solomon,  established  a  bank  at  Vienna,  the  third 
son,  Nathan,  founded  the  London  firm,  the  fourth 
sou,  Charles,  established  a  bank  at  Xai)les,  while  the 
fifth  and  youngest  son  founded  the  great  French 
banking  house  at  Paris.  Under  the  innnediate  su- 
])ervision  of  the  five  sons,  o})erations  were  carried  on 
in  Great  Britain,  France,  Germany,  Austria  and 
Italy,  while  in  the  whole  machinery  of  this  immense 
network  there  existed  a  common  interest,  which  it 
would  be  difficult,  if  not  (piite  impossible,  to  explain. 

Following  the  injunctions  of  rhe  Founder  of  tlie 
House,  they  usually  nuirried  into  the  families  of  each 
other,  thereby  more  perfectly  preserving  in  their  own 
households  the  innumerable  State  Secrets  which  con- 
tributed so  largely  to  their  j)resent  greatness. 

Xathan  was  the  founder  of  the  London  House, 
and  Avas  esteemed  the  financial  genius  of  the  family. 
The  operations  of  this  House  have  surprised  the 
world.     When  (piite  young,  he  removed  to  London, 

16 


LECTURE    ON    ROTHSCHILD 


to 


and  at  once  launched  into  extensive  speculations,  bc- 
in^  supplied  with  large  remittances  from  his  father. 
While  the  older  financial  houses  were  trembling  for 
the  fate  of  England,  while  the  Nations  knelt  before 
the  Napoleonic  shrine,  Wellington,  from  the  Penin- 
sula, made  some  drafts  which  it  was  difficult  for  the 
exche(pier  to  meet,  not  for  want  of  money,  but  owing 
to  a  misunderstanding  in  the  King's  Council.  Roths- 
child, having  carefully  surveyed  the  whole  situation, 
purchased  them.  Soon  they  were  redeemed  with 
large  profit  to  him. 

From  that  time  forward  he  became  the  trusted 
agent  of  the  British  (iovernment  in  the  transmission 
of  subsidies  to  Fonigii  Powers,  and  being  thus 
l.rouffht  into  favorable  contact  with  these  powers,  he 
in  turn  became  their  financial  agent. 

This  was  at  a  time  when  there  were  no  telegraphs, 
railways  or  steamboats,  but  the  great  financier  or- 
ganized a  band  of  agents  and  couriers  who  followed 
the  armies  to  the  battlefield,  and  then  by  a  relay  of 
carrier  pigeons  cotild,  in  a  few  hours,  have  news  in 
London  from  the  interior  of  the  Continent.     Thus  the 
news  of  the  Battle  of  Friedland,  fought  on  the  13th 
June,   1807,  would  by  ordinary  means  of  transmis- 
sion have  taken  ten  or  fifteen  days  to  reach  London, 
while  Rothschild,  by  means  of  his  couriers  and  car- 
rier pigeons,  could  secure  full  infoniuition  in  as  many 
hours.     Upon  the  fate  of  that  battle,  fortunes  were 
lost  and  won.     In  it   Xa])oleon  was  victorious.     All 

17 


LECTURE    OX    ROTHSCHILD 


tho  stocks  of  the  countrios  ap:ainst  ■wliich  ho  was 
fijjhting,  inchidin/i;  those  of  (ireat  Britain,  foil  rap- 
idly. When  Rothsohild  roooivod  tho  news,  ho  sold 
stocks  for  futtire  dolivorv,  and  at  a  time  when  tlioy 
would  have  fallcu  immensely,  the  difforcnco  being  his 
profit. 

Times  of  war  and  financial  convulsions  have  over 
l)oen  seized  upon  hy  speculators  to  roa])  rich  harvests, 
Tlie  well-known  New  York  sj)oculator,  Jamos  Fisk, 
made  an  ononnous  profit  out  of  a  transaction  of  this 
kind.  In  Knfxland  and  on  the  Continent,  tlu^  fiovern- 
ments  and  a  goodly  portion  of  th(>  people  sympa- 
thized with  the  South.  Southern  homh  wore  freely 
sold;  millions  of  them  were  on  the  markets  of  Kuropc 
when  tho  war  for  tho  Inion  was  drawing  to  a  close, 
afuT  Sherman  had  made  his  wonderful  march  to  the 
sea,  and  when  (icnoral  (Jrant  was  drawing  the 
relentless  v.-u*  chain  roiunl  the  doomed  citv  of  liich- 
mond.  FisA  saw  at  a  glance  what  effect  tiie  fall  of 
that  city  would  have  on  Southern  Hoiids  in  F-ngland. 
He  chartered  a  fast-sailing  steamer,  had  her  in  P.os- 
toii  harbor,  fully  ukuukmI,  with  >team  up.  and  direc- 
tions given  the  monu'ut  he  teh'graphe(l  "(!(>,"  that 
she  was  lo  make  tho  (piickest  time  possible  to  Eng- 
land, and  there  sell  Southern  liouds  for  future  do- 
livery,  l>y  this  trau-aetinii  it  was  said  he  made  a 
clear  gain  of  scNcrai  million-.  A  fli'i'Wiirds  he  re- 
marked that  if  hi>  friends  had  given  him  his  own 
way,  ln'  uoiiM  h;i\<'  cleaned  out  London.     There  was 

18 


LECTURE    OX    ROTIISCITTLD 

no  ocean  telep:ra]ili  then  to  carry  the  news  faster  than 
the  steamship,  so  Fisk  and  liis  friends  had  it  all  their 
own  'vay. 

It  is  somewhat  curious  that,  while  at  the  eoni- 
menctnient  of  this  century  the  foundation  of  the 
Rothschilds'  wealth  sprang- out  of  Xa{)oleon's  dcsccut 
upon  Ik'sso  Casscl,  so  Rothschild  followed  u]i  the 
march  of  his  army,  profitino-  l)y  its  good  fortune^  or 
reverses,  and  that  the  master  stroke  <d"  the  great 
.Jewish  Financier  was  achieve(]  on  the  day  when  the 
("orsican  Hero  fell,  never  to  rise  again.  On  the 
morniniT  of  Sundav,  the  T^th  (d"  dune,  Isi:.,  Nathan 
Rothsehild  rode  over  tiie  groinid,  ])assed  tlie  Chateau 
(if  llougomoi'.t  right  down  to  tlie  village  of  Water- 
loo. Xot  far  otf  was  the  Duke  of  Wellington  and 
staff.  Anioiiii'  them  was  Count  Po/zo  di  Uorgo, 
Baron  Vineent,  (Jeneral  Oliva.  l>aron  Rutiling  and 
others,  friends  of  the  faini>tis  Ranker. 

Koth-ehild  eagerly  watche<l  and  heard  what  was 
said  ahoul  the  chances  of  the  day.  All  agreed  that 
taihire  in  the  coming  struggle  would  endanger  and 
perha])s  cause  the  destruction  of  the  British  Army. 
During  the  whole  day,  on  the  Hill  of  Ilongomont, 
Uotlisciiild,  ghiss  in  hand,  viewed  with  intense  inter- 
est the  progress  ot"  the  seething  hattlc.  For  the  last 
four  hour-  a  tlnck  white  -^nioke  enveloped  the  Held. 
.\liout  a  (piartcr  to  seven  in  tlie  eveiing  it  cleared 
awav,  when,  looking  through  hi-;  telescope,  he  saw 
tidrtv  tlioii-and    French,  the   remnant   of  the  (Irand 


LECirRE    ON    ROTHSCHILD 


Armv,  in  fall  retreat.  Fresh  horses  were  at  hand; 
he  drove  at  full  racing'  sjR-ed  to  the  City  of  Brussels, 
and  thence  at  the  same  rate  to  Osteiid,  which  place 
lie  reached  hefore  the  break  of  day  on  the  morning 
of  the  litth.  The  wind  was  blowing  a  gale;  the  sea 
before  him  laslu'd  into  fury.  In  vain  he  attempted 
to  eniploy  a  man  to  take  him  over.  He  at  first  of- 
fered twenty  pciunds,  then  forty,  then  sixty;  and  at 
last  found  a  tisherman  willing  to  risk  his  life  for 
eighty  p<iun(ls.  S<i  that  (Hi  the  morning  of  the  2(lth 
Jvnfliscliild  was  found  leaning  against  a  post  at  his 
usual  ])lace  in  the  Stock   Kxchange. 

All  was  gloom,  sadness  and  uncertainty.  The  news 
o{"  Napoleon  dcfeatii  g  Hlucher  at  Ligny  on  the  Kith 
had  rcai-heil  I'lugl"  d,  and  the  dull  nmrnnirings  in 
the  air  whisperctl  that  Wellington  was  also  van- 
(piished.  Sadness  was  on  every  face.  There  was  a 
tremendous  fall  in  the  funds.  The  great  IJankt'r 
caused  his  kn(»\vn  agents  t(t  sell  with  tlie  rest,  while 
a  host  of  luikiiown  agents  were  set  actively  at  work 
to  purchase  on  every  hand.  This  continued  during 
the  whole  of  the  LMiih  and  up  to  late  in  tlu'  afternoon 
of  the  iMst.  when,  from  some  ca\ise,  st4K'ks  stood  still, 
with  an  upward  tendency.  Xo  one  couhl  tell  the 
cause,  liul  ihe  air  seemed  bracing.  The  (Joddess  of 
llo]ie  hail  lent  a  rugged  forlilude  to  the  British 
Heart,  i'linds  todk  a  hound  upward,  but  liet'ore  this, 
Kothschild  Uml  millions  njion  millions  in  his  posses- 
s'lTi  and  millions  under  his  (ontro). 

20 


LECTURE    ON    ROTIISCIIILD 

On  tho  iiK.niinfi  of  the  22nd  the  glad  news  flew 
from  ]X)\nt  to  ])oint  that  the  greatest  hattle  of  mod- 
ern times  had  lucn  foiiglit  and  won  hy  the  indomi- 
table bravery  of  Uritish  soldiers  nnder  the  eommand 
of  the  hemic   Widlington.      Tlie    London  Times  was 
spread  broadcast,  containing  fnll  ]virtieulars  of  the 
event.     I  have  it  in  iny  possession,  and  now  prodnce 
a  re)    int  of  a  cojty  of  the  Times  pnblislied  on  that 
morning,  the  22nd  June.  ISl,").  the  foremost  ])ai)er  in 
the  work!  of  that  jK^riod.     It  is  a  synd)ol  of  the  great 
weakness  of  the  Ktupire  of  .Lmrnalism  even  up  to  the 
early  part   of  the  nineteenth  century.      It   is  also  a 
symbol  of   the  very   limited   amoinit  of   intelligence 
ditfused  among  the  j)eopk\     The  world  of  discovery 
of  modern  improvements  was  then  unknown.      This 
jia])er,  a  few  inches  long  and  wide,  is  all  that  the  un- 
(h'veloped  condition  (d' our  race  recjuired,  and  was  as 
much  to  that  jyeriod  as  th(>   Fourth    Kstate  is  to  the 
latter  part  of  the  same  century,      AVho  would  have 
thought  tliat  till'  bantling  of  ISl.')  coidd,  in  seventy 
years,  have  developed   into  the  Tlmnderer  of   1SM4, 
powerful  everywhere,  even  the  Royal  Family  and  the 
nobility  jiaying  court  to  it   more  deferentially  than 
ever    did    subject    to    the    most    jxtwerful    moiuirch. 
An  e<lit(trial    note  says  that   they  sto])ped   the   pres-; 
at    one    a.m.    to    give    place    to    the    oHicial    intelli- 
gence   of    the  great    victory,    and    another    editorial 
note   that    tin-   press   is  sto]»ped   for   the   second    time 
later   in   the   luorniiig  to  give   place   to   the   fidl   dis- 

21 


LECTFRE    OX    ROTTISCIIILD 


patclu's  of  the  Duko,  with  a  list  of  tbo  killed  and 
wounded. 

The  joy  that  follows  <z:reat  success,  wn^nehed  from 
a  weird  tlairgiusi!;  despair,  seized  the  people.  All  Lou- 
don went  mad  witli  enthusiasm,  old  soldiers  and 
youuii'  nieu  weepinu'  with  jov.  The  <lispatclies  ^iwc 
full  details  of  the  world's  battle.  Thi'  issues  were 
frrave  hevond  eoneei>ti<»n,  or  the  power  of  lauguaj^e  to 
express.  TIh^  two  foremost  nations  of  the  earth  had 
on  the  held  of  Waterloo  submitted  their  fortuiu^s  to 
the  waii'er  i>i'  battle.  I'lie  French,  then,  at  a  g'reat 
di>advaiita,ii(',  but  with  the  s])leudor  of  their  rac(>, 
fought  with  a  braverv  arid  daring  unsurjiasse<l  in  an- 
ei(Mit  or  uioilern  times,  l>ut  thev  were  unable  to  over- 
come the  indomitable  staying  qualities  of  the  British; 
and  then,  as  ever.  tli(>  grand  old  Hag  which  wav(>s  in 
trii  over  ten   thousand  walls  and  unnarets  was 

ear  .,il  'n-  the  sons  of  a  noble  and  gallant  race  on- 
ward, nnv.ard,  so  as  to  make  resistance  absolutely 
imj>os-ible. 

^Vithout   <letra<'ting   from  other  natiou.'dities,   the 

r>riti>ii   Mildicr,   ever   immovable   as  a   rock,   tlirovn 

int<»  Mpuir<'s  at  Waterloo,  >toi>d  each  like  an  ironclad. 

j)roof  against    the  wildest  onslaughts  nf  the  enemy. 

At  l.iiiiiy,  the  Scotch  regiments  had  been   fearfully 

cut    to    [lieees.   liut    tlu're   was   a   terril>le   skeleton     .f 

them    left.      In   the  evening  of  Waterloo,   when   they 

Were   allo\ve(|   to  charge,   fliey   tore   across   tiic  held. 

slioiiliiiu   al    the   tu|i  of  their   voices.  "Seotljind    for- 

•■)•) 


"^ 


LECTURE    OX    ROTHSCHILD 

ever!  Scotland  forever!"  like  jrlaciers  from  their 
native  crags,  sweejiini!;  everythinfr  before  them.  Xo 
hraver  soldiers  ever  set  foot  npon  battlefield  than  the 
Scotch  and  Knjilish,  but  brave  as  they  were,  tliey  in 
no  way  surpassed  the  cliivaln.us  darinfr  an<l  won- 
derful exidoits  of  the  EnniskMlen  Drajioons  on  that 
memorable  day. 

Examine  the  list.  Yon  will  find  the  sons  of  Ire- 
land, with  the  Dnke  of  Wellintiton  at  the  iiead,  fore- 
most as  ever  in  tlu^  van  of  heroic  deeds.  I  am  bold 
to  sav  that  the  battle  miiiht  never  have  been  won  but 
for  Irishmen,  and  therefore  the  race  should  be  deejily 
eii>hrini'd  in  the  hearts  of  every  lover  of  nol)le  and 
heroic  deeds. 

On  Hint  joyous  morninjr,  Xatlian  Rothschild,  ra- 
diant with  filadne^s,  shook  bauds  heartily,  warmly 
joiuin<r  in  the  geni-ral  nierrinicnt.  Dm-iu^;  the  fol- 
lowing week  stoeks  bounded  up  to  <uch  a  pitch  as  to 
enable  him  to  unload,  having  nuide  a  clear  gain  of 
five    millions  of  dollars. 

Napoleon  was  sent  iuto  exile.  I>ouis  Will  was 
placed  upon  the  throne  of  France,  while  Kothsehild, 
with  an  immensely  augmente<l  capital,  set  out  to 
;ichieve  >till  greater  financial  compit  -ts. 

in  a  few  years  the  name  (d'  Koth-ehild  was  a  syn- 
onvm  of  sncces-,  the  o|)erations  of  their  houses  ex- 
tending over  every  portion  of  the  habitalile  globe, 
while  the  London  Hraiicli  became  the  tituuicial  agents 
for  every  I'.uiopenn  power. 

r4 


LECTURE    OX    ROTHSCiriLT) 

Tliese  were  peculiar  means  of  adding'  wealth  to 
the  House  of  Rothseliild,  alheit  tliis  is  supj)osed  to  be 
a  part  of  the  life  of  a  skillful  financier.  One  thing, 
however,  is  sure,  that  Nathan  Rothschild  soon  after, 
true  to  his  race  and  name,  but  what  was  more,  true 
to  the  oath  of  liis  father,  returned  to  the  Landgi'ave 
of  Cassel  the  whole  Hessian  treasure;  tlie  money  Na- 
poleon woukl  have  seized  was  emjiloyed  to  compass 
the  final  overthrow  of  the  Corsiean  Hero  by  the 
large  advances  made  to  Kngland  and  its  allies. 

Dealing  with  governments  gave  occasion  for  large 
transactions  and  immcMise  profits.  Ivotlischild  nego- 
tiated a  loan  for  the  Government  of  Spain,  and  for 
his  share  in  the  traiHaction  got  tlH>  s(de  right  of  the 
^lercury  Mines  for  a  term  of  years,  from  which  the 
])rotits  counted  into  millions. 

Austria  created  him  a  liaron  of  the  Empire.  He 
was  proverbially  generous,  even  luxtu-ious,  his  en- 
tertainments being  on  a  scale  of  princ(dy  grandeur, 
while  his  table  was  surrounded  bv  the  hiirhest  di"-- 
nitaries  of  state.  In  ]s:](\  he  repaired  to  the  old 
house  at  Frankfort  to  attend  the  marriage  of  his 
elilest  son,  Lionel,  to  hi<  niece,  daughter  of  his  broth- 
er .lames,  of  i*  cis.  After  the  wed. ling,  and  while 
still  at  Frankfort,  he  suddenly  died.  His  remains 
were  brought  to  London,  where  he  wa>  buried  with 
great  ceremonv  in  the  .lewish  Burial  Ground  at  Mile 
Fu.l. 

'llirec  sons  survivt'tl   him,  of  whom   liai'on  T.ionrl 

■2\ 


ITo 


LECTURE    ON    ROTIISCIIILl) 

was  the  eldest.  He  liad  in  reserve  for  him  a  life's 
iiieideiit  more  important  to  his  ])(>oi)le  niid  race  than 
any  other  chapter  in  their  stranj-e  history.  They 
mioht  he  rich,  they  mijorht  c(mtrihnte  largely  to  tlie 
puhlic  revenue,  they  might  he  charitahle  and  princely 
ill  their  generosity,  yet  they  were  harred  from  nu- 
merous privileges  of  citizenship.  There  was  a  wide 
gulf  hetween  them  and  the  iiherties  exercised  hy  free 

men. 

It    remained    for    a    son    of    this    house    to    hreak 
through  two  thousand  years  of  prejudices,  coiled  like 
an  anacon.la  round  the  name  of  -rew,  and,  like  a  sec- 
ond Moses,  to  deliver  them  into  the  light  of  day,  into 
the  full  sunshine  of  modern  civilization.     The  -lews 
understood  the  tdcments  of  trade,  their  a"tions  being 
marked  with  great  caution,  and  yet  with  iiitinite  bold- 
ness.    They  being  in  corresjiondence  with  their  breth- 
ri'ii  in  all  jiarts  of  the  world,  could  buy  and  sell  to 
greater   advantage   than    others,   while   to   all    about 
tliem  their  success  appeared  a  mystery,  attributed  to 
-oine  vih'  witchcraft,  or  an  unholy  connection  with 
the    Evil    One.       In    17-JO,    during    tlie    South    Sea 
Hubble   and    its   times,    when   the  c(»ininercial    world 
surged  to  and  fro  with  its  intense  excitement,  when 
pnHc(>s  and  dukes,  as  well  as  merchants,  seized  th<' 
hand  of  the  tickh'  goddess  of  speculation,   when  tlie 
Prince  of  Wales  became  Oovernor  of  the  Welsh  Cop- 
per ( 'onipany.  wlien  the  Lords  of  ( 'liandos  and  iJridg- 
wai.  1-  phiced  their  gilded  coronets  on  tlie  giddy  altar 


LECTURE    ON    EOTIISCIIILD 

of  a  sf'oro  of  ventures,  >Nlien  the  Empire  ran  wild  in 
the   race   for  wealtli,   and  afterwards   fell   like   dis- 
solved meteors,  and  crowded  the  l)anl<ruj)tcy  courts 
in  ra])id  succession,  on  the  long  list  of  names  not  a 
sinale  Ilelirew  was  to  he  found.     Ihit  when  the  hlood 
left  the  heart,  the  sun  grew  dark,  and  night  spread 
over  the  commercial  world,  the  Ilehrew  stood  forth 
to   turn   to  host   account   the   shattered   fortunes   tot- 
tering over  on   everv  street   corner.      In  this  p(>riod 
their  presi-ieucc  seemed  miraculous.     They  could  see 
and    comprclicnd    residts    perf(>ctly.     Xapoleon    III, 
in  his  wrk  on   Cu'sar,  says  the  only  difference  in 
men  is  tlieir  ahility  to  see  into  the  future,  to  trace 
roults    from    certain    well-regulated.    ])resent    laws. 
This  in  all  times  apiK'ars  to  have  t»een  the  especial 
p..wer  (d"  the  Semitic  race,  aiid  no  douht  has  grown 
out  (d"  continued  meditation,  keen  watchfulness  and 
that  profound  s(>crecy  which  ever  is  the  offsjjring  of 
a  sense  of  danger.      For  they  had  sutfered  violence 
ar.d    cruelty   everywhens    in    every    country    in    the 
^vorld — except,    as    the    historian    says,    in    Ireland, 
where  many  of  them  had  settled,  this  heing  the  only 
]vlai-.    where  tlicy  were  coni])arativcly  free  from  dan- 
ger.     A  close  investigation  into  their  social  and  po- 
litical history  will  prove  tins  true.     And  further,  that 
at  all  times  the  Irish  people  were  foremost  in  plead- 
ing for  the  entire  emancipati<»n  of  the  dew.     This  was 
not   granted  io  them  in   England  till   ls.1^,  whih^  as 
earlv  as  1710,  in  the  Iri^h   House  of  I'omnums,  .Mr. 

•2G 


LECTURE    OX    ROTHSCHILD 


^Morgan  introduced  and  carried  a  Bill  giving  them 
full  rights  of  citizenship,  and  again  in  174G  and  1747 
he  carried  the  same  bill,  but  the  Irish  Lords  always 
rejected  it.  The  Irish  people  have  ever  been  fore- 
most in  acts  of  liberality.  The  history  of  the  people 
of  the  Emerald  Isle  has  been  Liberty  of  Thought, 
Liberty  of  Speech,  Lil)erty  of  Action.  No  man  has 
ever  set  foot  upon  that  island  who  has  not  found  an 
open  hand,  an  open  dour,  aye,  and  an  open  cupboard, 
too. 

In  1847  the  family  of  Rothschild  had  resided  in 
the  great  city  of  London  for  forty  years,  and  had 
become  widely  known  as  the  most  daring  speculators 
in  the  financial  world,  with  a  prescience  unequaled, 
discovering  weakness  in  Governments,  so  as  to  never 
fall  into  unsuccessful  ventures,  while  allowing  none, 
really  Avortli  having  to  escape  them. 

In  1840,  during  the  great  destitution  in  Ireland, 
the  mansion  of  Baron  de  Rothschild  was  the  place 
where  the  British  Relief  Association  was  formed  by 
which,  as  publicly  stated  in  the  commission,  thou- 
sands of  lives  were  saved.  Toward  the  Irish  tho 
Hebrew  heart  yearned  with  peculiar  emotion.  They, 
too,  for  centuries  had  been  the  victims  of  penal  laws; 
they,  too,  had  for  centuries  been  denied  the  rights 
of  citizenship;  they,  too,  had  perished  for  their  re- 
ligion, and  through  ecclesiastical  and  tenant  laws 
liipii  grfuitid  into  the  earth  and  then  an  amazement 
expressed  that  they  were  not  prosperous  and  hapnv 

27 


m 
lit 


c  ;.! 


(  >i 


•  ft. 
el 

■  m 


LECTURE    OX    KOTHSCIITLD 


as  freedom  "iid  a  deserved  patriotism  always  makes 
a  nation.  All  men  know  that  patriotism  is  the  off- 
spring of  love,  that  love  is  only  a  sentiment,  and  yet 
more  powerful  than  battlements  of  stone  and  iron 
or  mountains  of  gold ;  that  the  Hibernian  mother's 
love  to  her  child  and  for  his  welfare  and  future  hap- 
piness is  stronger  tlian  hundred-ton  guns,  stronger 
than  man's  laws,  for  it  knows  no  law  but  nature's 
law,  stronger  than  armaments,  for  it  is  inspired  by 
the  very  essence  of  God,  and  imperishable  as  Eter- 
nity. Yes,  the  Jew  knew  this,  and  into  his  grand 
mansion  he  invited  the  noble  and  the  generous  of 
London  to  devise  means  to  send  out  of  their  plenty  to 
meet  the  wants  of  their  destitute  brethren. 

London  is  an  empire  in  itself.  Great  cities  have 
been  in  the  world  for  thousands  of  years,  but  none 
ever  before  like  this,  so  great  that  if  it  should  sink 
into  the  sea  to-morrow,  the  remotest  part  of  the  globe 
would  be  electriticd,  like  the  flight  of  the  heart  out 
of  the  htiman  body. 

As  other  cities  are  to  London,  so,  in  a  financial 
point  of  view,  other  names  are  to  the  name  of  Roths- 
child. 

Of  old,  the  first  visit  of  the  physician  was  occupied 
tumbling  the  patient  about,  asking  innumerable  ques- 
tions, making  him  0]>en  his  mouth  till  lockjaw  was 
all  but  inevitable,  and  tlicn  a  determination  to  bleed 
him  to  death  to  save  his  life. 

Xot  so  now.     The  quiet,  skilled  member  of  that 

28 


LECTURE    OX    ROTHSCHILD 


truly  noble  profession  touches  the  radial  artery  of 
the  wrist,  then  looking  for  a  moment  into  the  eye, 
the  whole  form  is  open  to  his  view.  So  it  was  witli 
the  financial  world  till  the  name  of  Rothschild  at- 
tracted and  drew  to  it  the  nations  of  the  earth. 

That  name  became  and  has  continued  to  be,  for 
sixty  years,  the  radial  artery,  the  pulsations  of 
which  are  the  index  to  great  financial  operations 
amongst  men.  Wars  are  averted  or  encouraged  as 
rhe  sanction  of  that  name  is  given  or  withheld. 

The  conditions  of  the  mitions  have  been  the  study 
of  this  famous  House,  as  the  conditions  of  the  in- 
dividual customer  is  to  the  wholesale  merchant. 

^Ir.  Benjamin  Disraeli,  afterwards  Lord  Beacons- 
field,  being  appointed  to  negotiate  a  loan  for  a  foi-- 
eign  power,  opened  the  matter  to  the  famous  banker, 
liut  said  without  the  loan  was  sure  he  could  not  dis- 
close the  name  of  the  borrower.  Rothschild  said  he 
did  uot  wan^  the  name,  but  to  let  him  know  how 
much  the  power  was  in  di^bt.  This  being  done,  he 
at  once  rej)lied :  "  Oh,  that  is  Egs-pt ;  I  cannot  lend 
them   a   farthing." 

Vet,  with  powers  penetrating  to  the  remotest  quar- 
ters of  the  world,  the  Hebrew  could  not  l)reathe  the 
tree  air  of  civilization.  Sir  F.  H.  Goldsmid,  ^Ir. 
.\shley  Potter,  Sir  David  Salamons,  Baron  Lionel  do 
Kothsejiijd,  Sir  ]\roses  Afontefiore  and  Sir  Benjamin 
Pli'.lpotts,  wliile  supporting  the  Empire,  wore  upon 
their  persons  the  degradation  of  being  placed  lower 

29 


5.» 


J    ^fl 


I    \ 

:  ^ 


LECTURE    OX    ROTHSCHILD 


1 


tlian  the  noanpst  subject.  Many  wore  their  griev- 
ances, but  prominent  amongst  tliem  was  tlieir  ina- 
bility to  sit  in  Parliament.  These  disabilities  were 
long  felt  to  be  a  stain  upon  the  name  oi  freedom, 
and  a  combined  effort  was  made  fo-  the  emancipation 
of  the  Jew.  In  1S47  Rothschild  was  elected  fur  the 
City  of  London.  His  majority  was  so  marked  as  to 
be  a  signal  protest  against  the  disability  of  the  He- 
brew. He  entered  the  House  of  Commons  and  of- 
fered to  take  the  oath  of  office  on  the  Old  Testament. 
This  was  refused.  Afterwards  he  was  peremptorily 
ordered  to  withdraw. 

On  this  subject,  as  far  back  as  1833  to  1 837,  a  well- 
known  figure  would  risi-  to  address  the  House — no 
other  than  the  Irish  Liberator,  Daniel  O'Connell — 
with  his  rugged,  commanding  physique,  his  dignified 
but  courteous  mamier,  coupled  with  his  clear,  melo- 
ilious  voi(  'Iways  insuring  immediate  attention. 
There  was  ..  u^  ''nsh  upon  his  cheek,  his  temples 
and  brow  visibly  ^  while  his  eyes  sparkled  Avith 

fervor. 

Daniel  O'Connell  stood  there  to  defend  the  weak 
against  the  strong,  stood  tliore  to  v!-,idi"ate  '"■•  „  doc- 
trine of  Equal  Rights  of  which  he  had  been  so  long 
the  champion,  stood  there  the  embodiment  of  all  that 
was  chivalrous  and  brave. 

The  Enumcipation  Rill  was  again  rejected,  and 
RotliM'hild  resigned  lii-^  s<'at.  A  new  election  was  or- 
dered.    Lord  John  Manners,  one  of  the  proudest  of 

30 


LECTURE    OX    ROTIISCTIILD 


Kngland's  nobility,  entered  the  field.  Rothschild  be- 
came his  ojipoTieiit  and  was  returned  ajiain  by  an 
over\vhehnin<r  majority,  but  was  not  allowed  to  take 
his  seat  in  the  Commons.  This  continued  for  cleirn 
;/rars;  when,  in  1858,  Jewish  emancipation  was  final- 
ly carried.  The  shackles  of  ages,  the  persecution  of 
(H'urnries  was  by  this  Act  removed  from  this  trulv 
wonderful  people.  Throughout  the  whole  struggle 
Rothschild  fought  the  battle  of  his  race  for  a  posi- 
tion which  had  be  n  denied  to  them  for  hundreds  of 
years.  He  died  in  1879,  and  his  name  goes  to  pos- 
terity like  that  of  the  immortal  O'Connell,  as  The 
(Jreat  Liberator  of  his  people,  and  as  one  of  the 
greatest  philanthropists  of  his  or  any  other  age.  And 
111  1880_,  when  another  ill-fated  hour  came  upon  Ire- 
land, the  first  name  among  the  people's  gifts  was 
that  of  Baron  de  Rothschild. 

In  the  House  of  Bonaparte  there  were  five  broth- 
ers, all  raised  to  positions  of  Princes,  Kings  and  Em- 
jtei'ors  in  the  great  world  of  politics  and  power,  but 
now  swept  from  the  page  of  living  history.  'I'here 
\v(!re  also  five  brothers  in  the  House  of  Rothschild, 
all  elevated  to  the  condition  of  Princes,  Kings  and 
Rulers  i;i  the  world  of  finance  and  Empire  of  Gold. 

You  have  done  many  a  generous,  disinterested  act 
in  your  life,  and  you  know  there  is  no  sensation  so 
ennobling  as  that  arising  from  the  voluntary  offering 
placed  upon  the  altar  of  love,  or  lavished  at  the  feet 
"f  the  destitute,  the  needy,  the  helpless,  the  depend- 

31 


S  I 


■■n 


C  1: 

*  I 

«  ! 

•  '  I 

i  i 


I  ill 

y 
(J 


LECTURE    OX    ROTIISCIIILl) 

pnt,  who  look  up  to  yon  as  tlieir  bonofaotor  and 
friend.  "  It  i>;  twice  lilesscd ;  it  blesseth  him  tliat 
gives  and  him  that  takes;  'Tis  niig'litiest  in  the  niiuht- 
ippt;  it  beeomes  the  throned  monarch  better  than  his 
crown." 

*'  And  tlie  King  shall  say,  Inasmuch  !u  ye  have 
done  it  unto  one  of  tlie  lea>t  of  these  my  bretliren, 
ve  have  done  it  imto  ^le.'' 


32 


"^ 


LONDOX,  NEW  YORK  AND  PARIS 


GREAT  citips  depend  for  their  growth  more 
upon  their  geogra])hical  position  than  from 
any  otlier  cause,  as^  for  instance,  the  citv  of  metro- 
pnlitan  London  is  thirty  miles  in  diameter  an<l 
ahdut  the  cireuniference  of  ninety  miles,  and  ei.n- 
tained  at  the  last  census  a  poptdalion  of  over  <"»,- 
.".(10,000.  This  mammoth  growth  is  to  Ix'  attril)ute«l 
largely  to  the  discovery  of  America  hy  ( '(.lund)iis,  and 
the  Cape  of  G<,od  Hope  hy  Vaseo  da  Gam;»  in  the 
same  decade,  opening  up  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  the 
Wist  and  sonth.  At  the  time  of  these  disc..V"rie,s 
I'aris  had  d'Uihlc  the  pojiulatictn  of  London.  The  At- 
lantic Ocean  soon  Ix'canie  cuvtred  with  seafaring 
crait  and  a  liar\-est  tield  the  fruits  of  which  were  <rar- 
UiTcd  into  the  granaries  (if  L«.n<Iun.  sd  tliat  n<>w  that 
•  •ify  is  tlirec  times  as  great  as  Paris,  and  the  new 
wnrld  has  proihiccd  tlie  <'ity  of  (!rcal<'r  Xew  ^'ork, 
t'Tiiiitii,'-  a  western  wing  <.f  its  gigantic  parent  on  the 
I  hatiie-,  while  Palis,  though  not  one  third  tlie  size  of 
L"ndoii.  stands  the  jirond  city  of  fashion  to  all  the 
worhl  and  constituting  a  part  of  th(>  highway  to  all 
cities  of  tile  ea-tern  and  western  worlds 

So  that    >..  w    York.    I>nndon  and   I  "'.ave   the 

di.Miueiioii   nt   beiiiL'   foreiiio-t    in   all    (i.e..    appiint- 


6:i 


1.1 

M 


:.il 


LONDON',    XEW    YORK    AND    PARIS 

Tiicnts  and  must  of  nccossitv  be  so  for  conturios 
or  for  all  time.  Therefore,  everythin<i;  concerning 
tlieiu,  their  origin  and  growth,  is  of  interest  to 
mankind  in  general.  But  Xew  Yv  ••  .  with  its  mag- 
nificent harbor  id  beautiful  water  stretches,  sur- 
passes every  other  harbor  in  the  world,  and  is  destined 
to  be  equal  if  not  superior  to  any  other  city  in  popu- 
lati(ju  and  general  advancement. 


34 


j^ 


XEW  YOPvK  rXDER  THE  DUTCH 


L()XJ)ON,  Paris  ami  Xew  York  arc  tlie  three 
great  cities  of  the  world,  the  inetropolitaii  cen- 
ters of  three  great  nations.  They  are  in  every 
thonglit,  on  every  tongue,  and  tirst  in  all  calculations 
of  travel.  They  stand  geographically  on  the  com- 
mercial hiii'hway  connecting  Europe  and  America; 
and  without  detracting  in  any  way  from  other  mag- 
niti<'ent  centers  of  trade,  these  gigantic  emporiums 
.stand  foremost  in  the  progress  of  the  world. 

Xew  York,  young(^st  of  them  all,  partakes  much 
of  the  characteristics  of  the  parent  Kuropean  cities. 
Standing  at  the  gateway  of  tlie  continent,  she  is  a 
tilting  link  hetween  th«>  old  and  the  new  worlds. 
Old  York  in  Kngland;  Xew  York  in  America.  With 
>inuhir  laws,  the  same  language  and  religion,  the 
I  wo  kindred  ])eoples  have  given  to  the  world  a  civil- 
i/ati"ii  and  advancement  never  heforc^  seen.  The 
pioneers  who  foundccl  it.  and  others  who  (piickly 
ollowcfl,  hi)ld  ill  adventure',  heroic  in  ai'liievement, 
.-killful  and  constant  in  purpose,  should  he  tli(>  id(ds 
of  the  city.  Th'v  l)rouuht  with  them  physical  p«)wer 
and  intellectual  attainments,  from  whi'h  the  new 
''i»y  was  eiiahled  to  make  an  advantageous  beginning. 
To  its  founders,  Xew  York  owe-^  much  of  it.s  pres- 
ent greatness. 

35 


S    I 


C    ' 


■ 


:n'ew  TorvK  uxder  the  dutch 

Xow  York  is  the  natural,  convenient  and  suitable 
harbor  for  the  trade  of  the  West,  as  well  as  other 
parts  <.  the  continent.  It  lias  a  tine,  well-protected 
hay,  hinir  in  42"  nor  Ii  latitude,  with  mild  climate, 
no  ice,  an«l  never  having  over  five  feet  of  tlood  tide. 
The  docks  are  ojx'u  and  accessible  the  whole  year 
round.  Ill  Ai)ril,  IMd,  the  captain  (.f  a  tine  2,000- 
ton  iron  ship  in  the  Xcw  York  docks  told  me  that 
he  was  an  Kn<:Iishi:ian,  and  had  been  in  most  harbors 
of  the  world,  including  Liverp(.ol,  Havana  and  Bom- 
bay, all  really  good;  but  that  there  was  no  harbor, 
taken  all  in  all,  in  which  a  ship  could  reach  dock 
so  (piickly  and  safely  as  at  Xew  York.  The  facili- 
ties there  are  such  as  to  challenge  the  admiration 
of  nuTchants,  traders  and  travelers  the  world  over. 

Here  is  a  city  of  four  millions  of  inhahitants,  so 
that  in  ih.int  of  numlH'rs  it  is  one  of  the  three  great 
eities  ,,f  the  world,  and  with  its  almost  unlimited 
trade,  it  is  indeed  one  of  the  miracles  of  mo<lern 
times. 

To  give  an  id(>a  of  its  history  and  development, 
shall  we  11. .t  go  t..  tile  beginning  tour  hundred  years 
ago,  and  I<...k  fir<t  at  the  landing  of  Colunibus  in 
America '. 

O.I  tile  III, •riling  of  the  12th  of  October,  14!)2,  the 
scholar,  philosopl,,.,-,  and  real  hero  left  his  ship'an.i 
sto.,,1  ,,„  ,,„,.  of  the  inlands  of  America.  He  first 
rais,.d  his  hat  ivveivntly,  looking  aloft  and  ahroad 
ni>on  the  new  discovery. 

30 


XEW    YORK    UNDER    THE    DUTCH 


Then  ho  foil  upon  his  knoo?,  (lovontly  kissing  the 
cartli  and  naniin<r  it  San  Salvador,  or  Holv  Ro- 
doomor,  Colnnibus  j>crsonifvinji;  boldness,  faith, 
luToic  valor,  do^'otion  and  Christian  forlitndo. 
From  that  time  all  tho  world  know  that  by  sailing 
westward  through  the  Atlantic  Ocean  land  could  be 
reached.  Tliev  had  learnecl  that  the  earth  was  a 
sphere,  and  that  Itv  following  its  circuit,  vluit  was 
known  to  tlieiu  of  the  East  might  be  found  in  the 
West.  At  that  time  tl>  ^  general  use  of  the  mari- 
ner's comi)ass  was  known.  The  printing  press  and 
the  growth  of  education,  both  incentives  to  successful 
exploits  by  sea  and  land,  luid  l>eon  brought  into  use, 
au<l  yet  with  all  those  advantages,  all  this  knowledge, 
the  Wonder  is.  that  for  a  hundred  years,  how  .slowly 
(hvelopnu'ut  a  1  colonization  followed.  True,  there 
were  scores  (d"  adventures  and  adventurers,  but  tiie 
old  wftrld,  then  only  merging  fnun  a  thousand  years 
of  comparative  iiuu'tivity  (hiring  the  dark  ages, 
seemed  unatde  to  grasj)  any  ade(puUo  idea  of  the 
beuctits  of  this  discovery  to  tlio  human  racx\  They 
fervently  hop<'d  that  gold,  rich  metals  and  precious 
atones  miglit  l»c  found  in  tiie  hiddeti  land  of  Marco 
polo,  from  whoso  writings  tli»y  !iad  guthorod  the  idea 
of  the  richness  of  the  Ka>t  Indies,  or  dapan,  as  they 
tliouu'lit   discovered. 

To  a  woman  we  owe  the  di<«i)verv  of  America. 
Aft<r  ('oIuud>us  liud  in  vain  imo'rtUMcd  the  courts 
vi  Euroj)e  fur  aid,  Queen  Isabella  of  opaiu  \v-ould 

87 


■  I 


i' 

!  1^ 


NEW    YOFJv    I^XDER    THE    DUTCH 


take  no  refusal  from  Kiufs;  Ferdinand,  lu^r  liusband, 
and  offered  to  jilodiic  licr  jewels  to  fmilicr  the  jiroj- 
cct.  And  after  she  liad  liy  force  of  love  and  tears 
aeco:nj)lislied  her  pnrjx.-^e,  and  when  all  was  ready 
for  the  dej^arture  of  Cohunhns,  he  received  the 
Messinir  of  lier  ^lajesty. 

Where  in  the  lenji'th  of  America  is  there  a  statue 
of  (^ueen  Isahella  i     p\>r  the  honor  of  her  sex,  for 
the  greatness  of  the  achievement  and  for  the  results 
of  her  genius,  let  a  suitable  continental  monument 
be  erc'-tecl  in  such  a  i)lace  as  a  congress  of  the  Ameri- 
can nation  may  tix  upon,  and  not  allow  the  glorv  of 
the  grcar  (|Ucen"s  jiresence  to  go  down  the  ages  un- 
rewarded.     It   is  sai<l   that   great  deeds  are  the  otf- 
s{)ring  of  great   power,   hut   more  frcipiently  is  the 
trite  old  saying  true,  that  necessity  is  the  mother  of 
invention.      A   (picen   or  a  king  has  no   necessities, 
and  therefore  when  they,  with  brightness  of  thonglit, 
honest    perception   and  symj)athy,  accept    the   teach- 
ings of  a  ]>oor  man  such  as  Columbus  was,  the  more 
honor,  the  more  renown  and  the  more  glorv  should 
l)e  attaclied  to  their  act.     1  am  a  native-born  Cana- 
dian, and  in  the  name  o{  America  pronounce  the  wn- 
erated  name  of  Isalx'lla,  a;id  accept  luu-  as  the  patron 
saint  (d'  the  continent;  and  allegi>  it  to  be  my  earnest 
desire  to  see  this  view  acknowledocd   bv  a'!    .\iiieri- 
<'ans,   bcgiunini;'  with   Canada    and  e\tending  south- 
ward to  Cape  Horn,  and  to  contribute  in  monev  and 
time  to  bring  about  a  residt  so  just  to  a  mime  loved 


yEW    YORK    UNDER    THE    DUTCH 


and  v'Miorated  in  her  own  day,  and  handed  down  as 
The  one  who,  above  all  others,  first  saw  the  truth  and 
^■■ave  praetieal  effect  to  her  honest  convietions. 

A  reception  was  cjiven  by  the  Kiii<;  and  (Jneen  of 
Spain  t(i  Columbus  after  his  great  discovery.  The 
Indians  in  tlie  foregTound,  nine  in  lunnber,  were 
limught  by  Colund)Us  u]>on  his  return  voyage.  It 
is  but  fair,  however,  to  say  that  wlnle  to  Spain 
and  the  Spanish  queen  is  due  the  lionor  of  the  dis- 
covery, to  Kngland  and  France  is  also  due  the  rapid 
and  succi'ssful  planting  of  their  banners  under  the 
two  Cabots  and  Cartier,  and  also  under  the  world- 
r('nown<(l  Sir  Walter  Raleigh. 

Sir  Walter  was  a  man  of  fine  and  varied  gifts, 
a  great  traveler,  public  s{)eaker  and  daring  naviga- 
tor. He  t'oiuidi'd  the  colony  of  Virginia  and  named 
it  in  honor  of  the  virgin  cpieen.  Like  Columbus,  he 
was  of  humble  origin,  had  known  poverty  and  want, 
but  tuiturc  had  given  him  an  honest  heart  with  pow- 
ers capable  of  self-education.  Like  Shakespeare, 
liunyan,  IJcaconsficld  and  a  thousand  others,  he  was 
a  true  scliolai',  supporting  tiie  maxim  that  genius 
will  educate  itself,  while  dumpishness  and  stupidity, 
whatever  their  advantages,  can  never  be  educated, 
ii.ileigb  made  uumy  voyages  to  the  New  World.  He 
inti'odueed  tobacco  into  Europe,  and  believed  that 
il   Would   produce  longevity. 

A  hou-eni.'iid  enteriiiL''  bis  room,  and  s<H'iurr  the 
loliaeco    fumes    rolling    upward,    supposctl    his    head 

39 


I 
t 


1  >J 


XEW  YORK  UNDER  THE  DUTCH 

on  fire  and  dashed  the  contents  of  a  water  pitclior 
dowTi  upon  him.  History  say.s  that  he  made  a 
wager  with  Queen  Elizabeth  that  he  could  weigh  the 
smoke  of  the  tobaeeo,  and  that  he  won  it  in  this  way: 
First  with  delicate  scales  lie  v;eighed  the  tobacco, 
and  after  he  had  smoked  the  pijx^,  he  weighed  the 
ashei^,  and  deducted  tiiis  from  the  weight  of  the 
tobacco.  The  remainder  gave  the  weight  of  the 
smoke,  for  which  it  is  said  the  gay  queen  gave  him 
a  sharj)  cuff  over  the  ears. 

Queen  Elizabeth  was  a  noble  woman,  but  she  lived 
ill  an  age  far  different  from  the  j)resent,  and  was 
surrounded  by  circumstances  that  made  these  pecul- 
iar little  adventures  part  of  her  life  history.  The 
Elizabethan  j)eriod,  while  occupying  an  important 
niche  in  history,  was  lacking  iu  the  (piiet,  dignified 
virtues  liberty  and  conduct  which  mark  the  Vic- 
torian era. 

After  the  death  of  Elizabeth,  and  when  James  was 
firmly  seate<l  on  the  throne,  many  there  were  who 
rallied  numd  the  standard  of  Arabella  Stuart  as  heir 
to  the  crown.  This  was  regardc<l  as  high  treason. 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh  favored  a  qu(>eii  as  reigning  mon- 
arch, and  was  suspected  of  being  one  of  the  Scottish 
pretender's  supporters.  ]r  was  thrown  into  prison, 
where  he  remained  twelve  -.cars.  lie  then  receiveil 
his  Irecdom  from  King  .lames  on  condition  that  he 
would  make  know?!  a  marvelously  rich  gold  mine  on 
the  banks  of  the  Orinoco;  when  there  he  had  a  se- 

40 


XEW  YORK  UXDER  THE  DUTCH 


vcre  encounter  with  the  Spanish,  in  which  his  son 
was  killed.  lie  failed  to  discover  the  f^old  mine,  and 
returned  to  England  with  a  broken  heart.  The 
>Spanish  demanded  that  he  should  suffer  <leatli, 
whereupon  in  order  to  retain  their  friendship, 
luileijxh  was  thrown  into  prison  on  the  old  charge, 
and  executed  in  October,  1618. 

Columbus  made  three  other  voyages  to  America, 
and  lived  till  he  was  sixty  years  of  age;  yet  he  died 
without  knowing  wliat  he  really  had  discovered,  and 
carried  to  the  grave  with  him  the  idea  that  it  was 
the  eastern  coast  of  Asia.  Many  navigators  followed 
in  further  discoveries,  expecting  to  return  with  ship 
loads  of  gold,  or  to  discover  Marco  Polo's  eldorado 
in  Eastern  Asia ;  for  it  must  be  remenil)ered  that  at 
the  time  Columbus  landed  in  America,  the  jiassagc? 
by  the  Cape  of  (lood  Hope  had  not  been  discovered, 
and  Eastern  Asia  could  be  visited  only  overland 
through  Asia  Minor,  Bagdad  in  the  wilderness,  and 
across  the  old  site  of  Babylon  on  the  delta  of  the 
Knphrates,  then  south  into  India,  or  by  another  route 
partly  by  water  and  then  across  Arabia;  so  that  to 
"iiscover  the  eastern  coast  of  Asia  by  a  western  pas- 
sage absorbed  the  thoughts  of  all  the  nations  of 
I'.uropc,  In  this  way  matters  stood  for  over  one 
inmdred  years,  during  which  time  the  harbor  of  Xew 
^  ork  had  never  been  known  or  entenMl. 

On  the  Stii  of  January,  1  •>()!),  the  directors  of  the 
East  India  Company  of  the  Chamber  of  Amsterdam 

41 


i] 


<       H 


XEW  YORK  UKDER  THE  DUTCH 


ll 


of  tlio  one  part,  and  llcndrick  Hudson,  Enfrlishman, 
of  the  other  part,  entered  into  a  contract  signed  in 
diipHcate.  By  it  the  company  agreed  to  fit  out  and 
man  a  small  vessel  of  about  thirty  tons  burden  (not 
eighty  tons,  as  some  historians  make  it)  and  pay 
ITudson  as  captain  of  the  expedition  800  guilders, 
or  sixty-five  pounds.  Hudson  was  to  sail  north  to 
Nova  Zembla,  then  west  and  south  to  the  American 
coast,  in  search  of  a  passage  to  India.  Even  then, 
one  hundred  and  seventeen  years  after  the  landintr  of 
Columbus,  it  was  still  called  the  East  India  Com- 
pany, and  it  was  still  their  idea  that  India  might  be 
reached  by  some  passage  through  the  American  con- 
tinent. 

lluds  ,  with  an  interpreter  and  twenty  seamen, 
set  out  upon  the  voyage. 

Kudson  liad  a  serious,  resolute  face  and  muscular 
form,  a  combination  fitted  for  heroic  exploits.  It 
was  an  age  c.f  adventurers,  and  Hudson  was  the 
noblest  of  them  all.  Living  in  the  Elizabethan 
period,  his  costume  was  that  of  an  Englishman  in 
•  •thcial  life. 

Xew  York  is  built  upon  ^lanhattan  Tshind,  the  old 
favorite  home  <if  the  .Manhattan  Indians.  l>eautiful 
ilowers,  sparkling  rivulet,s,  shady  forests  and  some 
well  tilled  grounds  surrounded   the  compact  Indian 


village. 


Tin.  red  man  had  for  untold  ages  niinb^  (his  spot 
his  favorite  report.     The  rich  soil,  the  chase  and  the 

42 


NEW  YORK  UNDER  THE  DUTCH 


fk'lieious  sea  fish  assured  to  him  a  life  of  affluence 
an<l  ease.     The  Indians  liad  a  stately  mien,  and  pe- 
culiar, independent  Ix^aring.     From  childhood  1  have 
l„.tn   from   time  to  time  amongst  them;  they  have 
mrat  endurance,  but  will  not  brook  the  laws  of  servi- 
tude, and  tlierefore  have  no  domestic  nsefnlness.  They 
are  like  wild      rds  or  wild  jilants,  with  a  strange, 
far-off  coldness   or  inditference  to   all   about   them. 
This  is  just  as  they  anpeared   in  1009,  dressed   in 
well-tanned  skins,  the  fur  turned  inward,  some  with 
robes  covered  with  wcrk  and  ornaments  susp.nde.l 
from  the  shoulders  or  the  loins,  the  hair  of  the  women 
Tuatly  braided  and  rolled  up  behind  the  head.    They 
lived"  in  villages  with  comfortable  houses.     They  had 
an  abundance  of  food,  with  all  the  comforts  of  life 
suitable  to   their  primitive  wants.     This  was  their 
...ndition  when  Hudson  came  first  inside  the  harbor 
uf  New  York.     Jlis  ship,  tlu-  "  Half  Aloon,"  was  tlu- 
tuhby,    old-fashioned    schooner   then    in    use.     Very 
(piickly  swarms  of  narives,  male  and  female,  came 
in  their  canoes  round  the  vessel,  apparently  delighted 
:it  the  newcomer.     They  were  of  gi-aceful  form,  the 
women  and  men  both  attired  in  light  furs  and  the 
bright  plumage  of  forest  birds.     They  brought  with 
them    tobacco    leaves,    Indian    corn    and    oysters    as 
t.,k(us  of  friendship,  harbingers  of  peace  and  good 

will. 

While  tobacco  had  been  taken  to  Europe  before, 
this  was  the  first  time  it  was  i>ut  forward  as  an  ar- 

4:; 


I    ■ 


»  <■' 


?^EW   YORK    UXDER    THE    DUTCH 

tide  of  coinmorcial  value.     The  use  of  it  was  a  bar- 
harous  and  uncivilized  habit,  yet  its  adoption  bj  the 
nations  of  the  earth  has  done  much  to   assim^hte 
America  with  the  peoples  of  Europe.     ].ord  Lvtion, 
in  his  beautiful  story  of  "  Lucile,"  says  of  tobac<-o:' 
'•  The  distant  Havana,  cement  of  the  nations,  makes 
all  men  brothers  who  use  it."     However  that  may 
be,  tobacco  is  now  king.     Who  can  proi)hesy  the  re- 
sult  of  the   wonderful  growth   and   power   of  this 
habit?     Maybe  five  thousand  years  from  now  the 
historian  will  tell  of  the  tobacco  age,  when  men,  oth- 
erwise apparently  sane,  were  seen  going  about  the 
streets  with  a  round  piece  of  to])acco,  one  end  in 
the  mouth,  ami   at  the  other  a   fire   burning.     The 
philosophers  of  that  period  will,  of  course,  think  it 
was  done  for  some  medicinal  purpose.     Antiquarian 
commissions  will   be  appointed  to   report   upon  the 
actual  cause,   but  alas,   their   researches  will   be   in 
vain,  for  had  they  lived  in  the  tobacco  age,  no  re- 
liable testimony  or  satisfactory  evidence  could  have 
been  obtained  why  this  queer  substance  should  have 
been   king,   or   why   men   should   have   suffered   the 
extreme  tortures   of  poison   in  order  afterwards   to 
have  become  its  slave,     it  will  be  found  that  during 
the  height  of  the   reign,    thousands   of  millions  in 
duties  had  been  paid  for  the  privilege  of  using  it 
and  that  before  it  fell  from  power,  all  the  women' 
used  it   to   excess;   they  smoked   and  chewed,   they 
passed  it  around  in  the  church  pews,  and,  indeed 

44 


NEW  YORK  UNDER  THE  DUTCH 


had  become  its  involuntary  votaries.  The  Wood  of 
the  Caucasian  race,  which  h.ad  been  banded  down, 
improving  and  being  purified  through  countless  cen- 
turies, was  polluted  and  stunted,  while  men  stood 
aghast  at  the  frightful  situation.  England,  still 
fnivtiH.st  of  all  the  world,  invited  representatives 
from  all  other  countries  to  determine  upon  some 
jilan  to  overcome  the  growing  evil.  After  months 
of  deliberation,  a  compact  was  formed  whereby  in 
each  nation  laws  were  to  be  enacted  making  it  ille- 
gal to  grow  tobacco  or  to  export  or  import  it  as  an 
article  of  commerce.  Soon  after  the  bright  faces 
of  the  emancipated  shone  with  gladness,  feeling 
their  chains  broken;  and  tol)acco  fell,  never  to  rise 

again. 

Tobacco  leaves,  Indian  corn  and  oysters  were 
l.rought  by  the  .Maidiattan  Indians  to  Hudson  on 
hoard  the  "  Half  :Moon."  The  Island  was  a  beautiful 
>pot,  gently  sloping  to  the  southeast  and  west  until 
its  borders  dipi)e(l  into  deep  tide  water.  Xear  the 
center  of  the  Island,  from  north  to  south,  ran  a  well- 
heaten  trail,  where  f«>r  countless  ages  the  red  men 
of  the  forest  in  single  tile  had  gone  on  the  chase 
or  warpath.  The  old  trail,  not  much  changed  in 
course,  was  greatly  widened  and  improved,  and 
forms  one  of  the  best-known  highways  of  modern 
civilization.  It  was  made  broader,  and  now  is 
P>roa(lway,  New  York,  and  is  as  well  known  as  Re- 
gent Street,  London,  or  the  Rue  Rivoli,  Paris.     Yes, 

45 


S 


<        ^1 


I 

nil 


XEW    YORK    rXDER    THE    DUTCH 


the  wliite  man 


accepted  tho  Indian 


way,  and  also  accepted  liis  tol 


s  trail  as  his  liiirli 


hacco. 


And  1 


going  up  and  down   f)n   tlio   trail   with    1 


tohac 


'CO. 


and  Avill  porhaps  do  so  f 


le  IS  now 
lis  bits    of 


because  of  his  great' 

:i  vast  inij)rovenicnt  on  his  rude  pred 


or  ages,  thinking 


r  numbers  and  power  that  1 


le  IS 


ess,  he  is;  for  tl 


eccssor.    Doubt- 


iiese  great  water  ways,  th(;se  d 


nvers,   rhis   ricli    soil,   together  with    tl 


leei) 


harl 


lie   wonderful 


>or,   were   never  intended    to  lie   unused   bevond 


the  time  when  thev  1 


of  the  old    world.      Xo  doubt  these  hind 
their    wealth,    were    the    le<>-it 


)ecanie  needful  for  the  overflow 

with  all 


adventurers  of  three  hundred 


'gitiniate    herilage   of   tl 


le 


'J'he  {)hi 


years 


ago. 


••«'  soon  beeanie  a  valuable  and 


trading    p<>i,it,    U^nry    CI 

t(>ndent   or 

stl 

the 


important 


iristianson    being    superiu- 


nianag,>r.      The    Dutch   pion.^ers 


•oiig,  hardy  rac<',  but 


were  a 


poor   Indian.      For  tift 


very  cruel  and  reh'ntle^s  t- 


ried  on  by  the  East    [udia  ( 

new  coiuj)any  was  formed.      It   then  1 

ni)on  the  Dutch  that  tl 


een  years  trade  wa- 
onipany,  but  in   IC^-f 


car 


M'gau  to  dawn 


Ka.st    India,   and   tl 


West  India  ( 


"■^  was  not,  after  all.  a  part  of 
"'   new  company   was  named   the 


e  rf  ul 


'iiipany  of  Annterd 


am. 


Tl 


!ii> 


organization,  having  at   its   lu-ad  and 


"'g   "»   nnt   only  the   ( Jovrnmrnt    but    , 
wealthy    mm    of    Amsterdam,    great     ,h 
givn   it.      Their  charter  .-overe.l   tl 


i,  a  pow- 
snpfx.rf- 


"•'••f  Iving  between   W     and  l', 
^'»v<ivigu  eontrol  over  the  who! 


4G 


lany    of   the 
•w(>rs    Wire 
e   extensive  di- 
'>     north  latitude,  with 
e  Country  an<l  it-  in 


NEW  YORK  UNDER  THE  DUTCH 

habitants.  Under  the  jinspiecs  of  this  company,  in 
KliT),  iJOO  Europeans  Avitli  domestic  animals,  inelud- 
iiii;-  horses,  cows  and  sheep,  were  sent  out  to  supple- 
ment and  further  establish  the  settlement  on  Man- 
hattan Island.     The  first  building  was  a  fortification. 

It  consisted  of  an  inclosure.  To  the  left  was  the 
Governor's  residence,  then  the  chapel  up  at  the  left- 
hand  corner,  and  in  the  center  the  officers'  quar- 
ici-s  and  barracks  for  the  soldiers.  At  due  inter- 
vals are  port  holes  where  cannon  and  musket  could 
be  used,  the  whole  forniiufi'  a  substantial  defense  for 
tlie  new  settlement,  destined  to  take  so  im])ortant  a 
parf  in  the  events  of  youthful  New  York. 

A  map  shows  the  holdings  of  the  J)utch  farmers  in 
1  <'>•!.■),  then  the  site  <d'  Xew  York.  It  is  of  great  in- 
terest U)  those  claiming  descent  from  the  Knicker- 
lii.cker  stock.  Well  nuiy  they  be  ]>roud  of  their 
(h'M'cnt,  for  in  manly  courage,  honesty  antl  fair  deal- 
ings with  the  white  men  they  had  no  superiors,  and 
yet  with  all,  they  were  excessive  drinkers  and  cru<d 
to  the  native  tribes. 

.\bout  lliis  time  occurred  the  Ma^sacre  of  Pavo- 
nia.  by  the  I)ut<'hj  where,  after  a  drinking  \xm\, 
tlie  whites  resolved  to  fall  upon  the  Indians.  At 
inidiiiglit,  oil  the  L'r)th  of  Febnuary,  I'il.'J,  without 
warning,  tliey  came  down  upon  the  camp  of  sleeping 
native^.  Men,  women  and  children  were  murd(>r(>(i 
iiiiiiscriminately  until  eighty  dead  bodies  lay  around 
liii    -moldering  <'anip  tires,  with  not  a  single  soul  left 

47 


C 


9. 


I  i 


^  <:| 


XEW  YORK  UXDER  THE  DUTCH 

nlive  to  tell  the-  tale.  The  history  of  the  massacre 
is  written  only  from  what  was  seen  afterwards  and 
from  wliat  was  pitliered  from  tlie  h.iastful  victors. 
This  was  the  heginuinf;:  of  the  first  Indian  War;  it 
lasted  two  years.  Bloodshed  and  frightful  devasta- 
tion reigned  supreme.  'J'iie  whole  of  the  wiiite  set- 
tlers were  driven  t(.  desi)air  and  the  Island  nearly 
depopulated. 

On  the  ;{Oth  of  August,  104.-,,  all  the  ehiefs  of 
the  trihes  assembled  in  Howling  (Jreen,  at  tiie  south 
end  of  Broadway,  and  wiili  their  white  brethren 
smoked  the  calumet  of  peace,  buried  the  hatehet, 
and  iiuide  mutual  pledges  of  eternal  friendphip, 
which  was  of  a  lasting  benefit  to  both  the  Indians 
and  the  whites. 

The  first  map  of  the  village  of  Xew  Amsterdan« 
made  by  otficial  direction  was  in  1(542.     On  the  rigiit 
i^  represented  a  tavern  or  beer  shop;  the  spot  at  the 
southwest   corner,   the   f(.rtification   or   castle;    then 
appears  the  wharf;  on  t'«e  west  side  of  the  trail  is 
the    burial    place,    scmie    distance    south    of   Tritiitv 
Clinrch  on  the  west  nde  of  Broadway.     The  tavern 
ati.l   store,  sniail  and  iusigniticant,  were  the  trading 
p.»>ts  wlere  tli.   business  .»f  the  village  was  conducted, 
and,  in  fact,  comprises  the  l,irthplace  of  the  present 
tify  ot    Xew  York,  the  lounthttions  upon  which   the 
]n>ty  i>oy  and  man  have  gn.wn,  with  arms  extenth'd 
to  every  part  of  tlie  kiK.wu  world. 

Later  j.ictures   <iu,w   iuerea  .d   j.rosj)critv,   hearti- 

48 


NEW   YORK   UNDER   THE   DUTCH 

ness  and  thrift,  the  ships  larger,  more  niimerous  and 
better  suited  to  the  growing  trade,  the  expansive 
harbor  covered  with  dexterously  managed  canoes 
of  tlie  natives  mingling  with  the  larger  craft 
of  the  white  man,  and  making  a  beautiful  and  im- 
posing scene  for  these  early  times.  The  old  Dutch 
fiiiiiilics  were  fond  of  home  comforts  and  numerous 
liolidays;  Santa  Claus  was  the  patron  saint  of  New 
Amsterdam.  In  Booth's  "  History,"  a  picture  is  given 
representing  the  old  saint  bringing  in  presents  for 
tlie  children,  who  then,  as  now,  were  the  joy  and 
blessing  of  the  home.  The  solid,  sober,  domestic  life 
of  the  early  Hollander  is  well  represented  in  the 
illustration.  Scenes  like  it  are  even  now  everyday 
occurrences  round  tlie  well-kept  dykes  near  the  small 
villages  of  old  Holland. 

Stuyvesint  was  the  last  colonial  governor  under 
the  Hollanders.  He  was  a  man  of  strong  will,  un- 
doubted courage  and  great  administrative  ability, 
with  keen  ]>erception  of  events  going  en  about  him, 
never  failing  to  meet  the  enemy  with  full\  matured 
resources  to  frustrat<>  him  at  every  jwint.  His  tomb 
ji.ay  now  be  found  l)eside  the  old  church  on  Tenth 
Street. 

'I'he  Diitch  ha<l  ruled  New  Amsterdam  for  over 
fifty  years,  the  laws  were  good,  the  govennnent  was 
good,  contentment  and  prosperity  were  secured  to  the 
l)eople,  when  (»n  the  Sth  of  Septemk'r,  lOtil,  an 
Knglish  ^(piadron  api)eared  U-fon    the  city  and  de- 

49 


H 

r 


:N'EW   YORK    UNDER    THE    DUTCH 

nianded   its   surrender.      The   Dutch  ^vere   weak  in 
numbers  as  well  as  in  war  api)lianees.     For  days  ne- 
gotiations went  on  with  a  view  to  some  arrangement 
whereby  the  English  admiral  would  withdraw  from 
the  attack,  but  without  any  beneficial  result,  so  that 
the  Dutcli  were  compelled  to  surrender  the  fort.   The 
English  marched  in  at  once  and  hoisted  the  Union 
'»a<-k,   wh(>reby  not   only  New  Amsterdam,   but  the 
whole  of  the  New  Xetherlands,  were  transferred  int.. 
a  British  colony.     A  few  hours  after,  the  British  sol- 
diers and  officers  were  walking  about  the  streets  as 
•'oolly  as  ,f  they  were  to  the  manor  born.     Th,.  is 
.me  of  the  jKvuliarities  of  the  Englishman.     He  is  at 
I'ome  ev(rywhere,  and  ha.  the  consolation  of  think- 
ing that  everything  luronies   him,  so  long  as  it  is 
in  the  interest     '  his  sov,.rciir„  and  his  country.    That 
iH'ing  settled,  everything  is  as  nothing  in  his  eyes. 

riiarl.s  II  was  th.-n  in  the  ./(.nith  of  his  powers. 
Fifteen  years  bcfoiv   his   fatluw-  ha.l   suffered  death 
|<r    old    Whitehall    I>larc.    London.      ('n.„,well,    the 
I  rotector,  had  for  t<'n  years  en.leavored  t„  rule  the 
"••""•»  "'.cording  to  his  lights,   but   iIk-  nal  sources 
"f   gnvernment   ha.l    m.t    tlieu    attainrd    ;,nv   well-de- 
|""'«l     i"n.i.      Parliamentary    ,i.nvernm,.nt "  had    not 
'-■"    w..rk,.d    o„t.      h    was   a    sfru.;,!..    bctw.rn    the 
abso  „t,sM>  of  the  mo„M,vl,,  the  feu.lal   riiihts  of  the 
'-'"•ds  and   the  ^rowin-  powers  of  the  p.M.ple.     The 
tiM  (  'lun-h.s  suffered  .leath  like  Lo„is  XVI  of  Franc- 
""'  '"'•='">'-'^^''"'i'-"— '-wrong,  done,  but  becau^J 


NEW  YORK  UNDER  THE  DUTCH 


(if  his  inability  to  co\)q  with  the  contending  elements 
around  liini,  and  there  being  no  executive  machinery 
to  meet  the  state  exigency  at  the  moment.  The  king 
was  the  great  pinnacle  to  whom  alont^  each  ])arty 
could  look  for  redress.  The  tax  upon  him  wiis  unfair 
and  unjust  to  any  monarch;  this  injustice  was  subse- 
(|iu'ntly  removed  by  the  revolution  of  IfiSS. 

("harlcs  I  was  illegally  arrested,  illegally  tried  and 
illegally  executed,  the  whole  proceeding  being  a  di- 
icct  violation  of  Magna  Charta,  so  much  boasted  of 
as  being  the  palladium  of  IJritish  liberty;  for,  in 
fact,  the  execution  took  place  upon  a  mere  resolution 
nf  less  than  half  the  House  of  Commons,  and  with- 
"•ut  any  law  at  all. 

After  the  death  of  Cromwell  and  the  abdication 
i>i'  Richard  Cromwell,  Charles  II,  who  had  been 
ixiuncing  al>out  the  Continent,  occasiomilly  conduct- 
ing wars  in  Scotland  and  England,  was  callcMl  to 
the  throne.  The  people  were  sick  and  tired  of  an 
unsettled  form  of  government,  and  were  really  fond 
of  the  royal  line  of  kings;  so  that  when  (^harlcs  came 
hack,  the  whole  city  of  Lon  Ion  was  one  graJid  car- 
nival of  joy.  The  whole  peoj)le,  with  long  and  loud 
entiiusiasm,  hailed  their  lawful  Miverei<>n,  in  the 
midst  of  wiiich  Charles  turned  and  said :  "  Why,  gen- 
tlemen, the  nuitter  is  so  easy,  I  ought  to  have  re- 
turned long  aco." 

Xd  sooner  was  Charles  lirndy  si-ated  upon  the 
throne  tliiui   he   looked   about    to  see   what    he  could 

61 


I 


XEW  YORK  UXDER  THE  DUTCH 


i: 

1, 
If! 


do  for  his  brother  James,  Duke  of  York.  Nothing 
better  being  immediately  avaihible  at  home,  he  con- 
eluded  to  make  liim  a  present  of  Xew  Netherlands, 
Xew  Amsterdam.  It  was  not  material  whether  he 
owned  it  or  not.  He  furnislied  James  with  monev 
and  soldiers  and  sailors  to  oeeup.v  peaceably  or  by 
force  the  territories  and  towns  contained  in  the  mu- 
nifieent  ])resent.  Therefore,  on  the  8th  of  Septem- 
ber, l(i(i4,  the  governor  appointed  by  James,  Duke 
of  York,  with  his  soldiers  sailed  into  the  harbor,  took 
possession,  hoisted  the  J^ritish  Hag,  named  the  forti- 
fication James  and  the  city  Xew  York,  in  honor  of 
the  great  duke,  a  mime  which  renuiins  unchanged  up 
to  the  )>resent  time. 

I  regret  to  say  the  ;Merry  Afonarch,  Charles  IT, 
abused  th(>  confidence  of  his  people  and  was  wholly 
unfit  to  be  king.  He  used  the  majestic  kingly  office 
for  })urposes  of  personal  revenge  and  j)arty  gratifi- 
cation. 

James,  Duke  of  York,  whose  name  is  now  firmlv 
established  in  the  new  world,  had  married  Anne 
Hyde,  daughter  of  Chancellor  Hyde,  then  Lord  Clar- 
endon. Her  grandmother  had  for  some  years  been 
a  working  girl  iuid  was  compelled  to  earn  her  living 
by  the  labor  of  her  hands.  Yes,  Anne  Hyde  married 
James,  Duke  of  York.  He  afterwards  became  king 
and  she  (piceu  c<msort.  They  bad  two  daughters, 
Mary  and  Anne,  and  both  became  reigning  que<-ns  of 
Lngland;  so  that  from  the  working  girl  sprang  three 


52 


NEW  YORK  UNDER  THE  DUTCH 


quoenr.  of  I^ngland.  Much  has  been  said  about  rapid 
lorhines  rising  from  h)\v  dopTce,  but  these  achieve- 
ments arc  not  contincd  ti»  the  new  world.  All  history 
from  the  time  of  King-  David  down  to  Shakespeare, 
AVashington,  Napoleon,  Reaconsfield,  Lincoln  and 
(Irant  furnishes  stories  of  the  same  results. 

When  the  duke's  squadron  took  possession  of  the 
city,  it  still  had  the  old  wall  extending  from  the  East 
River  along  Wall  Street  and  round  to  the  fortifi- 
cations. 

The  population  of  the  city  at  that  time  was  about 
Ht'tci'U  hundre<l. 

In  the  old  Dutch  city  the  liouses  were  good  and 
-trong.  They  had  a  sturdy,  defiant  look,  with  gable 
cuds  to  tlie  street.  Why  it  was  done  no  oiu^  can  tell, 
except  to  cast  the  rain  down  upon  their  neighl>or's 
imiperty.  The  Dutch  were  fond  of  good  beer  and 
.-o  were  tlie  English.  In  a  few  days  after  the  capitu- 
lation, the  wassail  rang  loud  and  long  in  the  general 
merrymaking   sounding   through   the   newlH)rn   city. 

The  Dutch  had  been  j)ermanently,  continuously 
.111(1  absolutely  the  founders,  holders  and  builders  of 
the  city,  and  had  title  in  fee  to  it,  as  well  as  to  the 
whole  of  the  New  Netherlands,  an<l  liad  been  so  in 
]>ossession  for  fifty  years.  'I'hey  had  discov<>red  it  by 
the  employment  of  Hudson.  Their  tirst  governor  had 
purchased  the  Indian  title.  They  liad  coloni/ed  it, 
and  had  remained  in  po-se-^sion  up  to  the  surrender 
in  l*i(i4.     The  town  was  not  large,  but  it  was  one  of 

68 


Si- 


i  = 


H 


XEW   YORK    rXDER    TlfE    DUTCH 


i 

'i 


tlie  larjrcst  in  Xortli  Ainoricn.     Xoitlior  the  English. 
French  nor  Sj)ani«li  Iiad  (Iniu^  more  than  the  Dutch. 
They  were  a  hardy,  tlirifry.  brave  pcoph',  descended 
from  a  race  of  adventurous  heroes.     Tliey  had  never 
Ix'en  an  agj^ressive  peoi)h'. but  man  to  man  in  coloniza- 
tion and  commercial  exploits  rhey  had  no  superiors. 
The  Hollanders  have  always  been  powerful  in  war 
and  resi>ected  in  peace  because  of  their  chivalry  and 
honesty.     The  sturdy  foundations  laid   by  them  in 
Xew  Amsterdam  have  never  lost  their  iiiHuence  and 
power  for  the  permanent  and   stal.le   upbuilding  of 
Xew  York.      Upon  the  tine  old   Dutch   tree  of  'iCtCA 
\\a<  engrafted  the  dominant    Knglish-speaking  race, 
with   juuscular  ]iower,   mental   ])ower,   moral    j)ower. 
With  a  commingling  of  two  sucdi  peoples,  what  must 
tile  result  be^    Just  what  it  has  been,  the  production 
o{  a  city,  the  miracde  of  modern  history.     In  addition 
to  this,  it  had  all  the  other  cities,  all  other  countries, 
all  other  })eoples   to  take  example  from,  to  receive 
the  Hood  tide  of  renewals  and  recruits  from.     It  had 
the  advantage  of  noble  sto<'k.  noble  blood,  as  widl  as 
the  great  deeds  of  two  powerful  nations,  in  sentinu'Ut 
and  substance,  to  build  upon.     It  had  the  quiet,  fru- 
gal thrift,  honest  habits  and  great  endurance  of  the 
Dutch,    together    with    the    aggressive,    dojuinating 
waywardness  of  the  English.     So  the  Indian  village 
on   ^lanhattan  Island  stands  to-day.  les^  than  tlirei- 
hundred  years  old.  as  one  of  th(^  three  great  cities 
ot   the  world. 

54 


NKW  YORK  UNDER  THE  DUTCH 


Have  yon  ever  tliought  of  it,  if  London,  P:nis 
and  Xcw  York  were  to  sink  into  the  sea,  what  a  dif- 
ferent world  it  wouhl  be  (  Tliis  is  tlie  way  one  can 
realize  their  inflnence,  their  indispensable  ])resen('e, 
as  evidence  of  man's  power  and  advancement,  a<  wfll 
as  his  aeennuilated  knowledge. 

New  York  is,  indeed,  a  wonderfnl  city.  Let  all 
honor  be  given  to  the  old  Hollander  for  the  part 
lie  has  taken  in  bringing  about  such  marvelous  re- 
sults. 


21'   .    1 


Sit- 
ae ; 


ft. 


55 


NEW    i'ORK   UXDER   THE   EXGLISTT 


Hi' 


NEW  YORK,  the  jri-eat  nietro])olitan  city  of 
Ainerit'iu  stuiids  on  Manhattan  Island,  the  honu' 
of  the  Manhattan  tnl)0  of  In  lians.  The  fonndations 
of  tlie  city  wore  hiid  bv  a  Company  from  Holland, 
the  Dntch  at  that  time  being  the  greatest  ship-bnild- 
ing  and  maritime  ])o\ver  iu  the  world.  Wealth,  in- 
fluence and  power  were  from  the  beginning  available 
for  the  support  of  the  colony,  while  men  of  distinc- 
tion and  marked  business  ability  and  means  were 
found  amongst  the  earliest  inhabitants.  Even  then  a 
system  of  landed  aristocracy  was  established.  Such 
persons  of  wealth  and  intluence  as  were  able  to  bring- 
out  and  colonize  a  body  of  settlers  were  given  the 
title  of  "  Patroons,"  with  a  large  concession  in  land 
accompanying  the  title. 

From  1()09  to  l(tG4  the  Dutch  owned  and  occupied 
an  extensive  district  under  the  name  of  New  Nether- 
lands, the  ca|)ital  being  New  Amsterdam,  now  New 
York.  For  over  fifty  years  the  colony  grew  and 
flourished,  maintaining  a  strong,  hardy  and  vigor- 
ous working  class,  as  well  as  a  rich  governing  body 
who  lived  in  tine  mansions  s])ending  lavishly  their 
great  fortunes,  and  founding  in  Dutch  America,  the 
much-rcuowned  Knickerbocker  race,  jK'ople  admired 
for  sturdy  ([ualitics  up  to  the  pri'sent  day. 


XEW  YORK  UXDER  THE  EXGLISH 


After  1004,  when  the  Engli-^li  captured  Dutch 
America,  the  name  ''  Patroon  "  was  dianoed  to  that 
of  Lord  of  the  ^[anor,  so  tliat  tliose  inauorial  lords 
with  the  great  nierchanrs  as  well  as  the  many  citle- 
liraring  English  made  the  city  and  state  the  most 
optdent  and  wealthy  of  all  the  American  colonies. 

The  constantly  recurring  Erench  wars  made  a 
standing  army  needful  in  America,  Xew  Vork  being 
licadciuartcrs.  The  officers  contributed  to  the  local 
iiristocracy,  causing  the  city  to  be  still  more  conspic- 
uous amongst  the  other  colonies.  These  peculiar  fea- 
tures became  firmly  rooted  and  were  plainly  visible 
(luring  the  first  Eederal  Congress,  which  was  held  in 
Xew  York. 

On  this  foundation  has  grown  a  great  city,  which 
for  its  years  has  no  parallel. 

It  is  to-day  one  of  the  three  foremost  cities  of  the 
world,  the  pride  of  the  nation  and  of  the  continent. 

Manhattan  Island,  in  its  primeval  solitude  with 
its  gi-aceful  sloi)ing  form,  reached  out  into  the  deep 
I'jiy.  Jt  so  remained  until  Hudson,  as  agent  of  Hol- 
land in  1000,  set  out  in  search  of  a  passage  to  India. 
V.vvvy  inlet  from  the  ocean  wa..  to  be  carefully  ex- 
iiiniiied  to  realize,  if  possible,  the  discovery  of  the 
jia.-sage  to  the  long-coveted  gold  mines  of  Eastern 
Asia.  While  on  this  quest,  on  the  0th  of  September, 
lie  sailed  through  the  Xarrows  between  Long  Isla..d 
and  Staten  Island,  and  for  the  first  time  the  beauti- 
tiil  bay  and  harbor  were  revealed  to  the  world. 

01 


211' 


I 


:NEW    YORK    TXDER    THE    ENGLISH 


l: 

mil 


"Afore  than  a  hundred  years  had  passed  away  since 
("ohinihus  made  the  discovery  of  Amer.  a.  The  con- 
tinent was  well  known;  scores  of  voyages  had  been 
made  np  and  down  from  Greenland  to  Cape  Horn, 
yet  this  narrow  jiassajre  had  not  heen  discovered,  and 
the  beautiful  bay  and  harbor  continued  to  be  the  safe 
preserve,  the  secure  rendezvous  of  the  Manhattan 
Indian.  In  fact,  after  the  novelty  of  the  discovery 
of  America  by  Columbus  had  partly  w'oru  off,  the 
chief  aim  of  the  enterprising  explorer  and  navigator 
was  the  making  of  a  quick  f(^rtune  out  of  the  rich 
ores  and  precious  stones  with  which  the  new  land 
abounded. 

Xor  was  the  po^r  native  wanting  in  statecraft.  He 
soon  found  that  the  white  man  had  many  things  he 
needed  on  the  warpath,  in  the  chase  or  for  domestic 
comfort.  So  while  pretending  to  resist  the  white 
man's  encroachments,  he  also  lured  him  forward  to 
the  bright  ti(ld  where  gold  and  diamonds  covered 
the  who'e  earth.  Tliis  promisod  wealth  roused  the 
adventurers  of  Europe,  and  alas,  thousands  lost  lives 
and  fortune  in  the  vain  effort  to  reach  the  coveted 
Eldorado.  All  th<  world  believed  that  what  had 
been  discovered  was  Asia,  in  which  Marco  Polo  had 
traveled  an.l  about  which  he  had  written  two  hundred 
years  before,  or  that  a  way  would  be  found  to  pass 
the  new  land  and  reacli  Asia.  This  is  why  the  na- 
tives were  called  Indians,  and  this  is  why  Colurnbus 
died  without  ever  knowing  what  he  had  discovered. 

58 


KEW    YORK   UNDER   THE    E^SGLISII 


For  more  tlian  a  hundred  ;-pars  America  remained 
comparatively  undiscovered  and  unsettled,  apparent- 
Iv  waiting  further  and  more  important  development. 

AVhile  adverting  to  Xew  York  under  the  English, 
shall  we  not  glance  for  a  moment  at  the  discovery 
and  progress  up  to  that  time? 

In  14'J1  Columbus^  the  most  renowned  of  all  navi- 
gators, sailed  from  Spain  with  three  small  vessels, 
two  of  which  were  without  decks. 

On  the  evening  after  Columbus  had  been  at  sen 
for  sixty  days,  the  whole  crew,  wild  with  disappoint- 
ment and  rage,  threatened  to  throw  their  captain 
into  the  sea  and  return  to  Spain,  Columbus  promised 
them  that  if  .and  were  not  discovered  Avithin  two 
days,  he  v.-ould  return  to  Spain  with  them.  In  an 
hour  afterwards  birds  were  seen  and  also  leaves  and 
brush  upon  the  water ;  then  a  carved  stick  was  picked 
up.  The  whole  night  was  spent  in  watching.  Just 
before  davbreak,  when  looking  over  the  starboard 
bow,  a  light  came  in  view.  Guns  Avere  fired  as  sig- 
nals from  ship  to  ship.  The  madness  and  anger  now 
turned  to  a  frenzy  of  joy.  Shouts  of  exultation  rang 
out  from  vessel  to  vessel,  Columbus  fell  upon  his 
knees,  covered  his  face  with  his  hands,  and  devoutly 
thanked  God  for  his  great  deliverance  and  the  over- 
whelming success  about  to  crown  the  efforts  of  his 
life. 

The  morning  revealed  \and  looming  up  before  tht 
gaze  of  the  Father  of  a  continent,  the  ship,  as  well  as 

69 


•  w. 


2«' 

u  ; : 

au  IB 


NEW  YORK  UNDER  THE  ENGLISF 


a.: 


the  stalwart  crew,  represented  the  physical  and  in- 
tellectual development  of  myriads  of  years. 

The  vanguard  of  millions  of  that  army  of  the  Cau- 
casian race  sent  to  give  economic  direction  and  force 
to  the  vast  wealth  hidden  in  the  hills,  streams,  forests 
and  fields  of  the  new  world. 

Three  years  afterwards  there  lived  in  Bristol,  Enff- 
land,  Jolin  Cabot,  a  renowned  traveler. 

lie  had  but  latidy  returned  from  Southern  Asia 
He  had  visited  the  Sacred  City  of  Mecca,  tlirougli 
which  the  caravans  from  India  passed,  the  way  by 
Capo  of  Good  Hope  being  then  undiscovered.  Upon 
this  information  he  founded  an  abiding  belief  that 
by  sailing  westward  as  Cohunbus  had  done  he  could 
reach  the  riches  so  gloriously  described  to  him  by 
the  Arabs.  He  went  up  to  London  to  see  the  king. 
Henry  VII  treated  him  with  ihe  greatest  kindness 
and  consideration,  took  hi-  into  his  confidence,  gave 
him  a  commission  and  htu.ty  encouragement.  In 
1497  Cabot,  with  eighteen  companii  ,  crossed  the 
ocean  and  was  the  first  discoverer  <»f  the  maiidand 
of  America.  He  n^turned  in  safety.  l.'i«»n  the  dis- 
coveries then  ma<le,  the  English  ever  afterwards 
claimed  all  the  coast  line  from  Virginia  to  the  St. 
Lawrence  River. 

In  \~u\l  the  famous  traveler  and  explorer,  Jaques 
(dirtier,  niade  two  voyages  to  tlie  northern  part  of 
the  eontineiif  and  asci  nded  flie  St.  Lawrence  River 
a-  far  as  liociic  laga.     IMeased  witli  tlie  lofty  inoun- 

60 


NEW  YORK  UNDER  THE  EXGITSH 

tains  and  delightful  situations,  he  named  It  Mount 
Royal,  aftcrwan  called  Montreal.  Thes-o  exploits 
wore  soon  followed  by  numerous  French  mission- 
aries, who  not  only  brought  tidings  of  Christianity 
l>ut  explored  far  inland,  adding  vastly  to  the  knowl- 
(diio  of  the  inner  part  of  America.  From  that  time 
all  America  north  of  the  St.  Lawrence  went  under 
the  name  of  Xew  France. 

The  map  of  that  period  shows  what  was  then 
known  of  our  globe.  It  will  be  seen  that  most  of 
Asia  and  Africa,  as  well  as  the  whole  of  Austrahisia, 
were  undiscovered  and  unknown  to  Euroj>ean  civil- 
ization, as  was  the  continent  of  America. 

^fore  than  haU'  the  worhl  lay  liuricd  in  darkness. 
A  thousand  years  of  night  during  the  Dark  Ages  was 
rapidly  giviiig  ])la<'e  t(»  an  era  of  unparalleled  enlight- 
enment. From  1540  to  1 '>♦)()  the  stormy  affairs  of 
Kurope  absorbed  all  attention,  and  it  was  not  until 
the  reiun  of  Good  C^ueen  ?>ess  tluit  the  adventurous 
spirit  revived  again — Elizabeth,  the  daugliter  of  a 
great  race,  a  brilliant  descendant  of  a  valiant  and 
noble  ancestry,  not  without  faults;  but  in  the  briglit 
light  of  royalty  who  can  escap(>  censure?  She  a<l- 
niired  tlie  adventurous  traveler,  the  searcher  after 
truth.  She  loved  all  who  loved  lier  nation,  «n<l 
took  by  the  hand  the  hnmlilc  as  well  as  the  great 
in  advancing  the  welfare  of  her  p(>oj)lc.  Her 
jK'riod  was  soo,i  rendere<l  ilIustri(Mis  by  the  ta- 
iiHiiis  (>xp!i>its  (if  Sir   lluiiiphny   (!i!!),i-t.   Sir   Wal- 

61 


I 
41 


;;;•■■ 


I 


<; 


*f     1 


XEW  YORK  UNDER  THE  ENGLISH 


ter  Ralt'ifih  and  Sir  Francis  Drake,  all  Engli>li- 
nion  of  renown. 

The  ''(Jolden  Hind"  of  Sir  Francis  was  a  pcior 
old  tubby  craft,  but  it  was  the  second  vessel  to  cir- 
cumnaviiiate  the  <>lobc,  while  the  first  ship  to  make 
tlie  vovajii'  anmnd  tlie  world  was  the  "  X'ictoria,'"  iin- 
tUr  Maficllan.  That  little  craft  was  the  most  ri- 
iKtwned  vessel  of  its  time. 

In  l.")^^  it  was  generally  thought  that  South  Amer- 
ica extended  to  the  South  Pole.  Magellan,  with  a 
fleet  of  five  vessels^  set  (nit  to  find  a  passage  through 
or  arouiul  the  continent.  He  discovered  the  straits 
which  bear  his  name.  Sickness,  mutiny,  storms  at 
sea  and  all  manner  of  obstacles  had  to  Iw  overcome. 
After  two  years  of  battling  with  the  elements,  all  wa- 
lost  except  one  small  vessel,  the  "  Victoria."  With 
her  he  returned  home  safely,  this  being  the  first  vc:-- 
sel  to  circumnavigate  the  globe. 

I'pon  the  whole,  the  English  have  always  taken  the 
lead  as  a  colonizing  nation,  then  came  France  and 
then  the  Dutch.  After  the  lime  of  Columbus,  sailors 
and  navigators  sprang  up  on  every  hand  an<l  in  every 
laml.  The  timid  seafaring  life  that  for  untold  ages 
had  U'cn  contiiied  to  the  bays,  rivers  and  coasts  was 
abandoned,  and  new  life,  new  thought,  new  vigor 
took  its  place.  The  worhl  was  found  to  be  twice  as 
large  as  (he  (d<l  philosojthers  thought.  Practical  «  x- 
jMrirnce  cust  (he  musty  books  of  old  geographers 
iiitn  ihc  a-lipit.      Ihe  brnnze>l  faces  ol  the  hardy  >-;iil- 


Ill 


NEW  YORK  UNDER  THE  ENGLISH 

ors  tumod  with  scorn  from  the  pretended  wisdom 
of  the  scientist  and  the  scholar.  Tlien  came  two  hun- 
dred years  of  wihl,  daring,  piratical  adventure.  What 
the  chiefs  nud  barons  had  been  on  land,  the  captains 
and  the  pirates  became  on  the  sea,  the  strong  ever 
preying  ujion  the  weak.  Rut  with  all  this  the  mer- 
cantile interest  of  the  world  made  substantial  prog- 
ress. In  14!)7  I)e  Gania  discovered  the  passage  round 
(lood  Hope  into  the  Soutliern  Ocean,  a  new  path  to 
[ndia.  During  one  of  the  gay,  joyous  moments  of 
(  harles  II,  the  Merry  Monarch,  he  made  a  present 
of  a  large  part  of  America  to  his  brother  James,  Duke 
of  York,  and  gave  him  sliips  and  soldiers  to  take 
po-isession  of  it.  This  muniticent  present  included 
tiie  whole  of  the  New  Netherlands  and  New  Amster- 
(him.  It  is  said  tiiat  the  king  was  not  aware  of  tb's 
when  the  patent  was  signed  to  his  brother,  b\it  when 
tlie  error  was  discovered,  like  Jacob  of  old,  he  re- 
fused to  withdraw  the  blessing.  The  Knglish  ships 
^-aibMl  into  the  harbor  of  New  Amsterdam.  The 
iMitcli  (iovernor  refused  lo  surrender.  He  was  will- 
ing to  tight  th(!  wh<ile  H(H'I  single-handecj.  Colonel 
.Nichols,  the  commander  of  the  tleet,  liad  his  orders; 
it  vas  not  to  make  reply,  it  was  not  to  reason  why; 
I'ondtardment  or  sunender  werr*  his  only  words.  The 
peoph'  did  not  dislike  the  English.  In  fat  t,  Knglish 
visitors  had  been  there  many  times  and  the  Diitch 
liked  their  free,  easy,  rollicking  ways.  They  were 
fond   of  ilicii!.  so  that    wliile   reluctant    to  surrender 


It.; 


•c 


2sEW    YOEK    UNDER    THE    ENGLISH 


I 


under  force  of  arms,  they  refused  to  support  the  Gov- 
ernor. The  historian  says  he  fumed  and  fretted,  but 
it  was  of  no  avail.  Tlis  soldiers  refused  to  fire  upon 
the  enemy.  Whereu])on  he  marched  out  of  tlu;  fort 
in  which  he  had  so  long  remained  master,  while  the 
English  marched  in,  and  for  more  than  a  hundred 
years  it  continued  to  be  a  prosperous  British  colony. 

The  first  name  of  the  Duke  of  York  and  Albany 
was  given  to  the  city,  and  the  other  l)estowed  on 
the  town  of  Albany.  He  was  the  last  of  the  Stuarts. 
It  is  jK)puhir  to  abus  the  Stuart  dynasty,  but,  at  any 
risk,  I  cannot  fall  to  this  general  condemnation. 
True,  they  had  faiilts,  but  they  lived  in  an  age  of 
fallacies  on  many  moral  and  physical  cpiestions.  The 
])hilosoj)lier  gave  his  full  sanction  and  the  judges 
were  tiien  ])ronouncing  sentences  of  death,  and  wise 
men  and  worn;  i  the  world  over  were  lighting  tires 
in  every  land  to  burn  thousands  of  people  for  the 
crime  of  witchcraft.  Even  the  far-famed  I*nritans, 
who  settled  Massachusetts,  hanged  over  twenty  people 
at  Salem  near  Boston  for  Witchcraft.  These  same 
Puritans,  after  condemning  the  Eormula  of  the 
("hurch  of  England  biH-ausc  of  its  rigorous  tenets, 
passed  the  lilue  J^aws,  whereby  death  was  imposed 
for  the  desecration  of  the  Sabl)ath.  Intolerance 
reigned  su])reme.  They  ])rohibited  the  Qiutker  from 
living  among  them.  His  so  doing  was  visited  by 
death,  and  in  reality  sev<'ral  persons  believing  in 
the  peaceful  doctrines  of  .lolm  Bright  suffered  death 

()4 


NEW  YORK  UNDER  THE  ENGLISH 

at  their  hands.  This  was  during;  the  Stuart  period, 
when  it  was  thought  that  cruel,  violent  persecution 
and  object  lessons  of  all  kinds  were  the  only  means  of 
enforcing  obedience  and  loyalty  to  any  cause.  The 
Stuarts,  because  they  did  the  things  that  other 
men  did,  have  been  anathematized  as  unworthy  of 
respect. 

To  quote  history  justly  is  as  much  the  duty  of 
all  men  as  it  is  for  all  men  to  tell  the  truth.  Laws 
are  made  for  the  poor  and  the  rich,  for  the  king 
and  the  peasant.  Charles  I  had  a  right  to  the  pro- 
tection of  the  ;\[agna  Charta  as  much  as  the  hum- 
blest subject,  while,  in  fact,  he  was  executed  in  direct 
violation  of  the  charter,  the  boasted  palladium  of 
British  liberty.  Parliamentary  government  was  not 
then  understood;  the  place  of  the  king  was  not  un- 
derstood. The  old  feudal  law  was  baaed  upon  the 
doctrine  that  under  the  king,  the  barons  would  bo 
tlic  props  for  the  throne  to  rest  upon.  They  were  a 
sort  of  petty  undcr-kings.  This  gave  rise  to  the 
War  of  the  Hoses,  and  enabled  Warwick  force- 
fully, at  i)leasure,  to  rule  the  kingdom,  wicked  state- 
craft Ix'ing  second  only  to  Priestcraft  and  Witch- 
rraft. 

Tw't  hundred  years  and  more  have  passed  since 
parliamentiiry  government  was  invented!  by  the  Eng- 
lish. It  was  really  a  great  discovery.  It  was  the 
greatest  event  in  the  history  of  any  time.  All  nations 
iiave   followed    it.      Under    it,    Justice,    the   et<?rnal 

65 


III 


If.; 


XEW   YORK    UXDER    THE    EXGLTSII 


principle  of  justice,  is  king,  and  without  tliat  prin- 
('il)le  no  man  can  he  kiui;-,  while  with  it  the  throne 
i-;  as  secure  as  the  nation  itself.     Errors,  numerous 
errors,  have  hecn  committed,  chief  among  them,  per- 
haps, a  too  wide  area  of  jurisdiction.     Albeit,  what 
luition  has  been  so  wise  as  England  with  all  the  Stuart 
wrongs  i    She  has  encircled  the  world  with  her  benefi- 
cent influences  of  civilization  and  commerce.     Her 
gates  have  been  thrown  oiwn,  free  to  the  products 
and  manufactures  of  all  nations.     Slie  has  surpassed 
all   empires  in  this  great  act  of  civilization.      The 
crowning  victory  of  Christianity  is  heralded  by  the 
British  flag  from  the  towers  and  minarets  of  all  civil- 
ized and  uncivilized  quarters  of  the  earth.     France 
and  America  are  bone  of  the  same  bone,  blood  of 
the  same  blood,  and  why  should  they  not  be  proud 
of  old  England  standing  between  the  two  n^publics 
like  a  pillar  in  the  ocean,  poising  equally  the  prin- 
ciples  of  justice,   all   three    iiiq)artiiig  ecpuil    rights, 
advancing  the  science  of  stable  government,  always 
remembering  that  whil(>  the  natural  law  i-<  govern- 
ment  by  the  people,  for  the  jicoplc,  yet   when   the 
]>eople  want  a  king,  tli(\v  have  a   right  to  have  one, 
and    still    furtlwr    that    violence    ainl    wrongs    have 
l)<'<'n    comniiltiMl    under   rejtnblics   »-;    well    as    under 
kimrs. 

When  Brazil  made  np  its  mind  to  change  its  form 
of  gdverniiunt,  (Jeneral  de  Fonseca  said  to  l)(nii  Pe- 
<!ro  that  tl.-  nation  had  fnr  enough  advanced  in  civil- 

66 


KEW  YORK  UXDER  THE  ENGLISH 


ization  to  dispense   with  monarchy.      "But  he  over- 
looked the  fact  that  four  thousand  years  hefore  that 
time  tlie  people  of  Israel,  high  in  civilization,  arose 
in  their  might  and  said  that  they  were  far  enough  ad- 
vanced in  civilization  to  dispen>^e  witli  a  repult'.ic,  and 
that  they  would  and  must  have  a  king.     Two  thou- 
^and  years  aft(>r,   the  wildest  excesses    and   cruelty 
took  place  in  Konu^  under  the  republic.     In  fact,  for 
four  thousand  years  opinion>  have  been  divided,  ex- 
(•(>>s,  violence  ;.ad  ojipression  following  <ach  in  their 
turn  until  the  wonderful  discovery  of  parliamentary 
government  in  KISS.    It  gave  complete  control  to  tlie 
people  without  impairing  the  influence  of  a  limited 
monarchy.     In  other  words,  the  House  of  Commons 
IxM'ame  all-i>owerftd  and  it  has  mastered  that  power. 
It  can  l)ring  al)out  any  resnlt  insisted  upon,  an.!  this 
\  astly  increases  the  loyalty  of  the  people.    This  great 
princijile  makes  the  whole  nation  a  standing  army. 
Kngland,   with    four   hundred   thousand    sohllers,   is 
rated  higher  than   Russia  with  a  million.     So  it  is 
with  the  United  States;  sixty  thousand  trained  sol- 
diers are  emmgh  in  tinu'  of  ])eace,  for  the  whole  na- 
tion is  as  one  man,  read      to  unslnnthe  the  sword 
ill  <iefense  of  the  country     These  two  Tiations  little 
Uuow  how  much  alike  they  are  in  almost  everything. 
A^  a  wlnde.  they  are  far  nu>re  alike  and  <litTer  less 
ihiiu  the  counties  of  iMiglaud  diHei-  tnun  one  another. 
Tlie   people   of    London   can    understand    Americans. 
I.nt   cannot   under>tand  the  -^peec.i  vi  the  people  of 

07 


t 

»■■■> 


f 


:XEW   YORK    rXDER    THE    ENGLISH 

tlieir  northorn  counties.     For  instance,  Lord  Tenny- 
son, in  his  poem  of  the  "  Northern  Farmer,"  savsT 

Wheer  'asta  bean  saw  Ions  and  mca  ligjj:in'  'ere  aloan? 
Noorse?  thoort  nowt  o'  a  noorse;  whoy,  Doctor's  abcan  on 
agoan : 

Now,  that  i.s  supposed  to  l)e  first-rate  Ensjlisli,  and 
in  fact  it  is  good  English  as  Lord  Tennyson  lias  writ- 
ten it  and  as  English  is  spoken  in  the  northern  coun- 
ties. At  the  Brunswick  Hotel,  Boston,  in  1891,  an 
English  traveler  said  to  me:  *' JJo  you  observe  what 
abominable  English  tliese  peoi)le  speak  ?  "  I  said : 
'•  Yes,  their  articulation  is  not  good,  but  they  speak 
so  much  better  than  what  is  spoken  in  England  that 
I  like  to  converse  with  them."  I  t(dd  him  that  many 
of  the  cabmen  and  busmen  in  London  do  not  really 
speak  English  at  all. 

Then  again,  Longfellow,  in  his  very  celebrated 
IMiem  of  "  Miles  IStandish,"  gave  his  version  of  an- 
other Englishman's  mode  of  living  and  his  view  of 
everyday  life  and  government  in  a  different  sphere. 

The  one  is  from  Yorkshire  and  the  other  from 
Plymouth.  About  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  after 
that  time  the  Plymouth  Englishman  and  the  York- 
shire Englishman  got  into  a  fight  at  Bunker  Hill,  and 
after  no  end  of  skirmishing,  the  Plymouth  English- 
man took  all  the  farm-^  of  America  and  kept  them 
for  himself,  and  the  Yorkshire  Englishman  went 
home  and  attended  to  his  own  affairs  on  the  other 

68 


:NEW    YORK    UNDER   THE    ENGLISH 


^ide  of  the  Atlantic.  This  made  them  bad  friends. 
Sixscore  years  have  come  and  gone  since  that  fight, 
but  they  still  keep  up  the  old  grudge.  They  really 
do  not  know  why,  bui  they  keep  it  up.  It  is  like 
a  i)art  of  the  same  poem  from  Tennyson,  where  the 
old  farmer  says: 

An'  I  hallus  cooined  to's  choorch  afoor  my  Sally  wur  dead, 
An'  'ecrdun  a  bummin'  awaay  loike  a  buzzard-clock  ower 

my  cad, 
An'  I  niver  knaw'd  whot  a  meen'd  but  1  thowt  a  'ad  sum- 

mut  to  saay, 
An'  I  thowt  a  said  whot  a  owt  to  a'  said  an'  I  coomed  away. 

Now,   that   is  like   the  quarrel   between   England 
and  America.     They  go  and  come  and  really  know 
little  of  why  it  is  kept  up.     I  think  it  is  the  fault  of 
both  countries.     They   are  great  enough   to  forget 
and  forgive,  they  should  be  proud  of  each  other.    All 
wise  men  now  say :  "  Let  there  be  an  end  of  the  old 
feud   in   which  both  were  more  or  less  the  cause." 
It  makes  one  tliink  of  a  paragraph  goi-ig  the  rounds 
of  the  ])apers.    It  alleged  that  the  Devil  always  keeps 
right  up  with  the  times.     lie  created  smokeless  pow- 
der, and  now  he  had   invented  odorless  whisky,   so 
that  one  nuiy  drink  without  it  being  detected  on  the 
breath.    The  Devil  must  be  somewhere  near  to  keep 
up  the  poi<ou  of  the  old  fight  for  over  a  hundred 
years,  but  family  quarrels  arc  more  bitter  than  the 
(luarrels  of  strangers,  so  that  .lohn  Bull  will  not  let 
up  on   the  boys  over  in   AuMTica,  and  the  boys  m 


*  II 


"f* 


■  < 


NEW    YORK    IXDEK    THE    EXGLISif 

America  talk  l)ack  and  laugli  at  him.  Tliis  is  all  a 
mistake.  It  was  a  good  thing  that  tin-  bo  s  set  up 
housekeeping  for  themselves  when  they  lid.  They 
have  shown  themselves  sons  of  a  great  ance-try,  and 
worthy  of  the  nation  from  which  they  sprang. 

THE   LAUREATE   TO    AMi:i?I('A 

Oh,  what  is  the  voice  I  hear 

On  the  winds  of  the  western  sea? 
Sentinel,  listen  from  our  Cape  Clear 

And  say  what  the  voice  may  be. 

Tis  a  proud,  free  people  calling  lou<l  to  a  i)eople  proud    nd 
free. 

.\nd  it  says  to  them:  "Kinsmen,  hail 

We  severed  have  been  too  long. 
Now  let  us  have  done  with  u  worn-out  tale, 

The  tale  of  an  ancient  wr(>ii<r, 

And  our  friendship  last  lonjr  as  K.ve  doth  last  and  be  stronger 
than  death  is  stronp;." 

Answer  them,  sons  of  the  self-same  race, 

And  blood  of  the  self-same  clan ; 
Let  us  speak  with  each  other  face  to  face 

An  answer  as  man  to  man. 

And  loyally  love  and  trust  each  other  as  none  but  free  men 
can 

Xow  fiinp  them  out  on  the  breeze, 

Shamrock,  Thistle  and  Rose, 
.■\nd  the  Star  Spanjried  l^anner  unfurl  with  these— 

A  message  to  friends  and  foes 

Wherever  the  sails  of  peace  are  seen,  and  wherever  the  war 
wind  l)lows  — 

TO 


NEW    yOPvK    UNDER    THE    ENGLISH 


A  message  to  bond  and  thrall  to  wake, 

For  wherever  we  come,  we  twain, 
The  throiH'  of  the  tyrant  shall  rock  and  quake. 

And  his  nienaee  be  void  and  vain, 

For  you  arc  lords  of  a  strong  young  land  and  we  are  lord? 
of  the  main. 

Yes,  this  is  the  voice  of  the  blulT  March  gale ; 

We  severed  have  been  too  long. 
Hut  now  wc  have  done  with  a  worn-out  tale, 

The  tale  of  an  ancient  wrong, 

And  our  friendship  last  long  as  love  doth  last  and  be 
stronger  than  death  is  strong. 

A  lu-w   (Icvclojmicnt  of  man  has  licen  produced, 
I'ouuded  hirjiclv  iipou  the  sturdy  ciualities  of  tlie  par- 
ent races  in  Kui-land,  Ireland  and  Scotland,  and  also 
borrowed  and  adapted   from  other  countries.      The 
old  laws,  the  old  lanjjuage  and  the  old  religion  pre- 
dominated and  widened  and  gave  greater  extent  and 
])(.wer   than  ever  could   have  been  attained  in   the 
motherland  alone,  the  wider  area  and  vast  resources 
drawing  to  tlicm  the  adventurous,  the  daring  and  the 
brave  from  all  quarters  of  the  globe,  giving  fresh- 
ness, brightness  and  buoyant  hope  to  millions  who 
never  could  have  or  never  would  have  sought  them 
bui   innler  colonial  life.     Never  was  a  nation  before 
founded  with  such  an  accumulation  of  advantage-, 
a  language  e.xa.t  and  flexible,  laws  just  to  all,  found- 
ed on  the  (.1(1  Magna  Charta,  braced  up  and  strength- 
ened at  every  point  till  the  Kcvolution  "f  1(188.  wbeu 
a  further  purifying  and  strengthening  t(»ok  place,  and 

71 


ml 


it  •  , . 

id. 


NEW  YORK  UNDER  THE  ENGLISH 


I 


then  the  beneficent  influence  of  a  well-grounded 
Christian  roli<:;ion,  and  you  have  outlined  some  of 
the  heritageir  lianded  hv  tlie  mother  country  to  her 
children  in  America,  uj)o!i  which  tlie  nation  com- 
menced a  caree;  of  unprecedented  growth,  success 
and  greatness. 

The  British  are  i)r'>verl)ial  as  being  the  most  loyal 
Ijcople  in  the  world.  The  colonies  in  America  were 
loyal,  and  wiien  they  resisted  the  Stamp  'J'ax  and 
the  Tea  Tax,  independence  or  separation  from  the 
mother  country  never  entered  their  minds.  England, 
accustomed  to  victory  and  conquest  over  other  na- 
tions and  peoples,  did  not  count  the  cost  of  fighting 
her  own  blood,  her  own  people. 

The  army,  flushed  with  vii  tory  over  the  Canadians 
and  Indians  at  Frontenac,  Niagara,  Crown  Point,  and 
on  the  Plains  of  Abraham  in  which  the  American 
colonies  joined,  saw  an  easy  task  before  it  in  subduing 
the  scattered  peoples  of  the  thirteen  colonies.  Colonel 
Washington  had  for  a  long  time  been  a  prominent 
figure.  lie  was  a  high-minded,  valiant  British  officer, 
and  had  during  twenty  years  done  faithful  and  val- 
uable service  to  his  country  in  America.  lie,  with 
thousands  of  others  equally  British  at  heart,  after 
two  years  endeavoring  to  obtain  redress,  tore  away 
from  the  moorings,  from  the  grand  old  ship,  and 
launched  into  the  deep  ocean  of  uncertainty  in  order 
to  fight  for  British  justice,  then  denied  to  the  loyal 
people  of  America.     A  great  principle  was  affirmed, 


72 


NEW  YORK  UNDER  THE  ENGLISH 


beneficial  to  England  and  to  all  her  colonies  and  to 
the  world.  Since  then  in  point  of  liberty  and  equality 
the  British  colonies  have  formed  an  integral  portion 
of  the  Empire,  and  for  a  hnndred  years  no  colony 
lias  asked  for  or  has  attained  to  an  independent  posi- 
tion apart  from  the  Empire  itself,  a  consummation 
alike  honorable  to  (ireat  Britain  and  to  the  colonial 
Empire. 

New  York  under  the  English  lasted  for  ovor  a 
hundred  years,  and  while  not  attaining  to  any  great 
proportions,  it  was  always  the  best-known  town  in 
America.  The  Dutch  had  given  good  government, 
yet  upon  the  conquest  in  1G64  Britain  mfde  mo"* 
important  alterations.  It  changed  the  name  of  New 
Amsterdam  to  that  of  New  York,  and  also  changed 
the  name  of  the  old  aristocracy  from  Patroons  to 
r.ords  of  the  Manor.  The  Van  Rensselaers,  the 
Sehuylers,  thi  Stuyvesants  and  other  distinguished 
families  continued  to  take  part  in  the  administration 
of  the  new  government.  They  maintained  the  fine 
old  lino  of  Knickerbocker  stock  prominently  in  the 
great  city. 

Nichols,  the  first  English  Governor,  was  wise  and 
considerate,  encouraging  all  to  maintain  their  old 
customs.  The  Dutch  and  Huguenot  families  enjoyed 
the  free  exercise  of  their  religions.  N<>  attempt  was 
made  to  interfere  with  the  social  cur>oms,  so  that, 
upon  the  whole,  satisfaction  was  given  "o  the  people. 

It  was  lawful  at  that  time  to  hold  slaves  in  the 

73 


I..    ' 


H  ■  1 

.    '•     > 

I*    i\ 


XEW    YOKK    rXDER   THE   ENGLISH 


I 


coioiiics.  The  first  slave  sliiji,  containinir  nineteen 
African  negroes,  sailed  info  t'le  James  liiver,  Vir- 
ginia, in  1010.  This  was  th  ',  ( .dnct ion  of  slavery 
into  America.     The  captain,  and  shij)  were  from 

Amsterdam,  Jlolland  ;  flieni  'o  tlie  Dutch  is  at- 
tributed the  introduction  of  slavery.  The  trade  was 
sui)ported  by  all  classes,  and  more  })articularly  by 
the  clergy,  who  openly,  from  their  ))ulpits,  gave 
countenance  to  it  on  tlu'  ground  that  tiie  heathen 
African  would  thereby  be  converted  to  Christianity. 

Cobunbus  sent  Hve  hundred  Indians  to  be  sold  as 
slaves  in  Spain;  this  was  also  the  case  when  the 
tdergy  gave  their  suj)port  to  the  movement  for  the 
same  cause,  but  the  noble  Isabella  rejected  their  ad- 
vic«',  aiul  sent  them  back  to  their  native  forests. 

The  African  trade  did  not  at  tirst  fl<iurish,  as  the 
nuirket  was  well  provided  by  both  Indian  and  white 
labor.  Indian-  taken  in  war  were  hurried  away  to 
distant  parts  and  there  sold  into  slavery.  The  laws 
of  servitude  also  enable*!  whites  to  bind  thems<dves 
for  long  period-,  the  bonds  being  transferable.  The 
jtersoiis  thus  bound  were  regularly  s(dd  as  slav<'-  iu 
the  public  market.  About  this  time  thi'  use  of  to- 
bacco became  popular  both  in  America  and  Europe. 
'I  he  -outheiii  i  Innate  (d"  America  was  esjieciallv 
adapted  to  it«  production,  while  the  clinuite  was 
IouikI  t(.  1k>  mo>t  congenial  to  the  African  race.  The 
dennind  for  tobacco  create<|  a  deuuind  for  the  kind  of 
labor  to  jtroduce  it;  hen<-e  t«d>acco  became  the  ♦'atlier 

74 


NEW  YOKK  UXDEK  THE  ENGLISH 


of  Tiojjro  sliivory.  Tliis,  with  otlior  causes,  gave  life 
and  vigor  to  the  trade.  'J1ie  slave  market  in  New 
^^irk  soon  heeame  a  rentlezvous,  and  it  was  not  very 
lonsr  until  it  was  estimated  that  one  fourth  of  the 
population  was  made  up  of  nein-oes,  most  of  them 
fresh  from  tlie  liolds  of  slave  shi{)s.  This  j/ave  rise  to 
iilann.  In  ITI'2  the  ne<iroes  fortncd  a  plot  to  murder 
llie  whites.  It  was  discovered  in  time  and  many  of 
tlic  l.lacks  were  executed.  Again  this  occurred  in 
1711,  when  fourteen  were  hurncd  at  the  stal.e  and 
scores  were  hanged  in  New  York. 

After  the  political  revolution  of  1088  in  Europe 
and  the  fall  of  dames  II  in  ItlSit.  Sir  Edmund  An- 
dros,  (Jovcnior  of  New  York,  who  had  heen  api.-.iutt  <I 
hv  Kinir  dames,  was  seized  hy  the  peop''  and  thrown 
iiii     prison. 

Tiien  foUowed  a  period  <d"  c(»nfusi(m  a:ui  lawh^s- 
uess,  tlie  po])uhir  cry  heiug  l(»  turn  out  of  otHc"  all 
Catiiolics:  indeed,  all  jtcrsnus  apiH.iiited  hy  the  late 
king,  and  to  appoint  others,  lauding  the  -^'Xjiress  wjll 
of  the  I'riiKM  of  Orange,  the  new  king  of  Knglaiul. 
In  this  pujmhir  mnvement  one  .Iae>di  Kei'^U-r  was 
the  ackiiowlediicd  leader.  He  was  a  merchant  of 
prominence  and  a  captain  of  ojie  of  the  Trainl)and-. 
I.ei-ler,  at  the  hea«l  of  hi^  company,  followed  hy  an 
,  N.ited  popiilacc,  took  po-e>sioii  of  the  f(»n  and  un- 
der the  garh  of  great  loyalty  to  King  William  of 
Orang*'  set  up  an  al»olnte  government  and  <li- 
missed  the  ollicers  id'  the  late  kin^'.      liut   tlie  mem- 

75 


I   • 


KEW    YORK    UNDER    THE    EXGLISII 

bers  of  the  Catholic  and  Episcopal  churchei,  as  well 
as  the  wealthy  Dutch  and  Hupjuenot  familiof*,  rose 
in  their  might  against  him,  while  he  at  t'le  head  of 
the  populace  resisted  all  opposition,  and  continued  to 
act  as  Commander  in  Chief  with  autocratic  power. 
Repeated  petitions  were  sent  against  him  ro  King 
William,  who,  in  IGDl,  appointed  Governor  Slaugh- 
ter. 

Leisler's  followers  at  once  deserted  him  lie  was 
arrested,  and  with  his  son-in-law,  Milhurn,  found 
guilt}'  of  treason  and  executed. 

The  influence  of  this  tragic  event  was  fcK  ""'^r  many 
years  in  Xew  York.  It  took  place  imuK  .latt.y  to 
the  east  of  the  present  City  Hall,  close  to  the  west 
end  of  Brooklyn  Bridge. 

It  will  he  remembered  that  at  this  time  the  Church 
of  England  was  recognized  as  the  state  church,  and 
tiic  aristocratic  rule  of  former  davs  was  ajrain  inau- 
gurated,  lovidty  to  the  cr.twn,  fidelity  to  iJritish  prin- 
ciples going  hand  in  hand  for  more  than  half  a  cen- 
tury. Xew  York  was  a  seaport  town  of  considerable 
importance. 

'JMie  safe  harbor  ma<le  it,  above  all  others,  a  favored 
r(  sort  for  foreign  and  dotiH'stie  merchants;  the  slave 
i'lnp,  the  jiirate  and  privatec  r  all  found  safe  anchor- 
ap'  and  ininiunity  from  molestation  in  its  harbor. 
1  he  sjnve  tra(h'  alone  liad  grown  t(.  liir^re  proportions. 

Dealers  from  the  other  coloides  found  Xew  York 
the   central   point    of   tra<le.      Th''  stanch    merchaut- 

u 


NEW  YORK  UXDER  THE  ENGLISH 


man,  the  East  Indiaman,  the  Slaver  and  Arab  Coast- 
er, the  pirate  and  the  privateer,  all  made  the  town 
on  the  Hudson  a  favored  rendezvous.  War  l)et\veen 
France,  Enghind  and  Holland  kept  up  a  constant  rea- 
son for  immense  fleets  of  privateers  and  smugglers, 
at  that  iM-riod  only  other  names  for  pirates.  ^lanv 
wealthy  merchants  and  even  English  governors  show- 
ered fa\ors  and  attentions  upon  the  successful 
jirivateer.  The  peculiar  gaudy  costumes  of  the  times 
were  furnished  in  profusion  by  these  kings  of  the 
ocean.  The  grim-visaged  sea  chief  was  much  ad- 
mired by  New  York  Society  while  his  black-ludlctl, 
rakish  craft  lay  discharging  her  cargo  at  the  wharf. 
Ills  many-colored  costume,  elal)orate  gold  jewelry, 
and  dagger  in  Ixdt  glittering  with  dianumds,  In'tok- 
cncd  power  and  wealth,  while  all  the  gay  free-livers 
of  the  (hiy  gladly  received  the  presents  of  the  Sea 
Kover.  The  scandal  of  these  evi'uts  became  unbear- 
abk'.  In  ltil)2,  f<.r  this  and  other  causes,  Governor 
Fletcher  was  withdrawn  and  his  place  taken  by  Lord 
IJellamont,  who  drifted  into  opposite  excesses.  He 
tried  tt»  etifo'-ce  the  laws  of  trade  with  rigid  severity, 
lie,  with  a  nundwr  of  prominent  Knglishmen  and 
.\meri('ans,  tittcd  out  the  swiftest  clip]H'r  to  be  found 
upon  tile  ocean,  the  oi>ject  being  to  jirotect  the  shi{)- 
piiig  witiiin  a  reasonable  distaui  of  .New  \  ork,  and 
to  hunt  down  and  capture  all  pirates  coming  within 
its  reach.  After  a  diligent  search  for  a  really  suit- 
able nuin  to  take  charge  of  the  enterprise,  Captain 


i 


'^ 


4 
8.. 


NEW  YORK  UXDER  THE  EXGLISII 


Kidd  was  Jixod  upon,  lie  boinc;  reported  as  a  brave, 
honest  and  dariii<>-  seaman.  It  was  a  part  of  the  coni- 
paet  tliat  to  meet  expenses  and  reward  those  who 
had  e~ia1)lislied  so  hnuhdiie  an  enterprise,  the  owners 
>iiouhl  share  ((iiiallv  in  tlie  benetits  of  ail  prizes  taken 
by  their  trusted  eajjtaiii.  For  a  few  nu)nths  he  ren- 
dered <:(kh1  service.  I'lie  jirolits  were  simply  fabu- 
lous. Hut  alas,  Captain  Kidd,  not  l)ein^  satisfied 
with  his  share  of  the  boot .  sailed  away  into  tlie 
ocean,  and  became  the  iiiost  renowned  mvA  vr  and 
jiirate  <d'  any  ajre,  the  i;Teate»t  ocean  scourge  of  flie 
seventeenth  century. 

lie  was  known  to  have  a  uniulated  whole  ship- 
loads of  jewelry,  (iialn(m(l■^  and  rich  m<  rclur dise  of 
ev(>rv  description,  but  ude  no  proper  return  to  the 
founders  of  the  enterpi'i-e.  A'  la.^l,  w  ii  a  rich  earpt 
of  this  kind,  he  landed  oii  (Janiiner's  Uland,  north  of 
New  ^'ork,  then  a  ili  solate  and  unfre(}uented  sjmt, 
aiMJ  there,  with  the  crew  .f  his  vessel,  buried  the  ricli 
cariio  ;it  \nriu'is  points  on  the  seaeoast  He  was 
afterwanb  capturetl  in  the  city  of  Hoston,  taken  to 
Knirlaiid.  and  hun;.'-  in  chain-  on  Kxecutioii  Duck. 

Hi-  wife  and  dauiihtf-r  lived  b)r  many  vears  after- 
ward-on  hearborn  Stncl,  in  New  Yoi-k. 

.\    lieu    Slave    Market    wa-   e-tablislw<l   at    (he   f<i 
of  Wall  Street.      All    Indians  and  negroes  were  sold 
iliere  at  jmlilic  aiietioii  or  private  sale. 

Slave-  were  not  allowed  to  pass  through  the  stret't"? 
after  night  without  a  lighte<l  lamp  or  candle  in  hand. 

TS 


XEW  YORK  UXDER  THE  EXGLTSH 


In  tlic  new  p;ovornor's  instructions  it  wr.s  ospc- 
cially  enjoined  that  he  sliould  give  every  a.'^sistanee 
and  encouragement  to  slavery,  especially  to  the  Royal 
African  Cotnpany  of  England,  and  he  recnniniendetl 
the  eoitipany  to  always  have  ready  for  sale  a  good 
-iipply  of  nierchantable  negroes,  slaves  at  that  time 
being  the  stable  conunodity  with  which  the  tohaci-o 
growers  in  the  South  luid  to  he  furnished.  Tobacco 
was  taken  in  exchange  and  soon  grew  in  favor  all 
over  Euroj)e. 

Tlie  new  governor,  Coridiinw,  eldest  son  of  tlie 
Earl  of  Clarendon,  nephew  of  King  dames  1[  and 
of  Queen  Anne.  Had  faith,  utitruthfuhtess  and  ef- 
feminate luxury  chictly  |)rcdomiMated  in  his  adminis- 
tration. 

Wearied  at  length  by  his  shameless  couilnct,  Queen 
Anne,  in  coiii|)liancc  with  nunicrous  ]ic!itions,  re- 
voked his  commission,  whereby  he  becann  a  private 
person  and  amenable  to  the  law.  lie  was  at  once 
thrown  into  |)rison,  and  remained  there  until  tiie  death 
of  his  father.  Lord  Clarendon,  wlien  all  <laim- 
against  hiin  were  paid  and  h<  became  a  Peer  (d  the 
Realm. 

Lord  Lox'clace,  ne]ihew  of  the  tormer  governor  of 
tliat  name,  succee<led  J-ord  Coridnnv. 

AftiT  a  short  time  he  diecl,  and  was  followed  by 
laeutenant-(!overnor  Ingcdd-^by,  who  at  onee  revived 
the  old  desire  of  driving  the  Kretieli  out  of  ('auada. 
Robert    Livingston   |oine(|  ;iUo  in  the  (  utt  rpri-e.    He 

71) 


I 


4      I 


XEW  YORK  UNDER  THE  ENGLISH 


t 


had  visited  Quobcc  and  liad  made  plans  of  tlie  St. 
Lawrence.  Thev  were  joined  by  the  British  In- 
dians, and  tlio  Home  Government  promised  a  Large 
fleet  to  assist  the  colonies.  The  Legislative  Assem- 
blv  of  Xew  York  issned  bills  of  credit  to  the  amount 
of  20,000  ])0unds  to  consununate  this  ])iirjM)se. 

The  army  marched  through  the  woods  to  Lake 
Champlain.  The  English  fleet  to  meet  them  there 
never  came;  while  the  army,  in  disgrace  and  much 
discouraged,  returned  to  Xew  York.  Sclniyler,  who 
bad  insiired  the  cooperation  of  the  Indians,  then 
visited  England,  taking  with  him  five  Indians,  to  re- 
vive the  project  of  a  campaign  against  the  French. 
They  were  presented  to  (Jueen  Anne. 

The  (^uccn  looked  unusually  beautiful  an<l  re- 
ceived the  Indians  with  easy  inditference,  ^larlbor- 
ough,  the  great  captain  of  that  time,  stamling  with  a 
])rot('ctiv('  air  to  the  right  of  the  royal  chair,  while 
the  Indians  were  in  no  way  abashed  in  the  presence 
of  royalty,  (^ueen  Anne  entered  warndy  into  the 
project  of  the  subjugation  of  Canada.  In  token  of 
her  ajiproval,  she  presented  Schuyler  with  a  costly 
vase,  which  lias  come  down  in  the  manorial  line,  and 
is  now  o\vne(l  by  (mo.  L.  Schuyler  of  Xew  York. 

The  l)rave  and  accomplished  Robert  Hunter  was 
the  next  governor,  lie  had  for  a  long  time  been  a 
])risoner  of  war  at  Paris,  and  liad  lately  been  ex- 
changc<l  for  the  Ihshop  of  (^ueliee.  who  had  been  a 
jirisouer  with   tlie   Mngii-ii.      .New   York  had   ihen  a 


NEW  YORK  UXDER  THE  EXGLISH 

population  of  5,000.  It  was  in  financial  difficulties. 
Tliis  table  shows  the  receipts  and  disbursements  of 
the  city  for  the  year  1710  in  English  pounds: 

For  rent  of  Piers 160 

For  tJS  Licenses  (about  $3.7'))..  .    ")1 

1.)  Frpedotns  of  the  city  at  Did.  .115  222/5 

The  expenditures  W(>re: 

To  the  city  clerk 20 

Lantern.'^  and  Hour  (ilassea -i 

Candles  for  Constables 3 

For  Cage,  Pillory  and  Stocks 10  36 


The  recei])ts  for  1800  from  all  quarters  were  over 
$100,000,000. 

The  Pillory  and  Stocks  Averc  in  common  use.  It 
was  thought  that  lessons  of  this  kind  would  intimi- 
date wrongdoers,  l)ut,  alas,  it  only  demoralized  and 
hardened  the  victim,  and  really  debased  and  lowered 
the  scale  of  humanity. 

During  the  administration  of  Governor  Hunter  it 
was  first  suggested  that  the  colonies  shoidd  bear  a 
jtortioii  of  the  cost  of  government.  It  was  a  reason- 
able and  fair  sugirestinn,  hut  not  consistent  with  colo- 
nial life,  then  dawning  into  early  statehood.  The 
treatment  of  the  boy  of  five  was  not  applicable  to 
the  boy  (d"  eighteen.  The  Mother  coimtrv  at  that 
time  ha<l  e.imparativcly  no  eommercial  activity.  The 
firuiiicial  atTairs  were  crude  ami  unformed.  The  gov- 
ernment was  jiaviiig  tell  per  cent,  per  annum  on  its 
indebtedness.      The    national    deid    \va<    small.      Sir 


11 


* 


i  » 


NEW    YORK    rXDKR    THE    EXGLISII 


i. 


William  Tempic.  who  had  hoen  Minister  at  The 
llajiuo,  infornitMJ  Kiiillantl  that  the  small  state  of 
II. .Hand  hud  a  d^'ht  <>i'  $l':.,0()0,()()0,  on  which  only 
4  [XT  cent,  was  paid.  It  wns  causo  of  much  iiKpiirv. 
'i'!ii~  iravc  rise  to  the  ronsolidation  of  the  En<rlisli  iii- 
tielitedness,  or  wlu.t  i>  kinnvii  as  the  (ireat  National 
l)c!it  of  I'jifrlaiid.  At  the  time  of  the  Treaty  of 
Itivcht,  this  deiit  wa<  :>0,0()<),()0(>  pounds.  The  jics- 
sinusts  of  that  j)eriod  saw  in  it  the  downfall  of  tlie 
nation.  It  wa.s  >aid  to  exceed  the  madness  of  the 
(  riisadcs.  Two  hundicd  ye;ir>  iiave  passed,  while  now 
till'  national  ^r(>atness  ha^  hounded  up  to  a  point 
iii'Vor  Ix'fore  n'aehed  hy  any  other  nation  or  ]ieo])le. 
David  Hume,  Adam  Smith  and  (leor^^c  (irenville  all 
pictured  the  diresr  f.irciiodiiiii>,  ha-ed  u]ion  plau>iltle 
reasonini^,  hut  all  these  forehodiniis  liave  wholly 
failed  in  ])racticai  I'e^idts.  The  (pie-iion  of  ia.\inji 
tile  colonies,  for  'ho  time  hein^  dropped  out  of  sii>ht. 

in  1711  ijreat  improvements  were  mado  in  New 
^'ork.  Hroadwiiy  was  ^i-aded  from  Maiden  Lane  to 
tile  (.'ommon,  full\  a  <pnirtei-  of  a  mile,  and  shade 
ti'ce-  were  planted  aloni;  either  side 

Lewis  Mori  is  wa- <  liirf  .hiNtice  of  .NCw  ^'urk.  The 
wiii'  was  tlie  chirf  fraluio  of  ro>tnmf  at  that  tinu". 
The  wiiz;  had  nianv  atlvantaiios  no  persnus  to  he 
Jouml  then  with  cnar-e,  wiry  iiair,  no  thin  hicks,  no 
l)aldheiide<l  men.  I  ln'  w  i^  coxcrt'd  all  these  defects. 
\\  hen  a  liii;My  arrla  d  lorehead  or  one  hroad  and 
|ii\\   was  wanted,  the  w  i^-  coidd  ho  -o  arrani^'cd  as  to 

52 


NEW  YORK  rXDEK  THE  EXOLISIT 


moot  cverv  oa-o.  Any  nnvoltv  m-  form  of  Ixnuily 
could  be  ^n-atifio<l  (Inrinii;  tlio  wio-  ])orio(l.  Tlio  value 
of  the  gem  seemed  to  (lo]>onil  lartioly  n])on  tlio  sottliisi. 
Frill^^,  ribbons,  laees,  silver  Awv  biu-klos,  p-old  and 
silver  eords,  ]>(>\vdered  wii-s,  uaiidy  and  |)(>ouliar  neck 
livar,  all  proclaimed  men  to  be  more  foi)i>isli  and  vain 
creatnres  than  women  ever  were.  It  was  the  oif- 
>|)ring  of  feudalism,  one  of  the  results  of  the  supposed 
(listinetion  between  the  classes  and  the  masses. 

(Jovernor  BurJiett  received  the  Indians  at  Albany 
in  17-JO.  He  succeeded  (Jovernor  Hunter.  Ho  was 
married  the  provioiis  year  in  Xew  York  to  Miss  Van 
Horn.  When  he  visited  Albany,  the  Indians  came 
to  wish  him  much  y>\.  They  brought  T5oavt-r  skins 
and  other  ric'-  furs  as  wedding  presents,  'llie  cos- 
tumes of  the  Indians  were  gay  with  head  feathers 
frills  and  rich  wamiium  belts,  also  jiretty  devices  on 
the  soft  well-1  aimed  clothing.  It  all  compares  fa- 
vorably with  the  rich  trai)pings  of  the  Govi-rnor  and 
suite.  So,  aft<T  all,  u])ou  the  weak  jjoints  of  vanity. 
f!ie  civilized  and  tlio  uncivilized  were  not  very  un- 

0(pUll. 

The  tirst  iunvspa])or  in  New  York  was  published 
nu  the  null  of  October,  lf.'.>:5,  by  William  Hradfortl. 
it  was  called  tlie  "  Oazotte,"  aiul  comprisccl  only  a 
lialf  shoot  of  f.iolscap,  tilled  with  c-iistom-iiuusc  entries 
and  news  from  the  old  country.  Bradford  soon  in- 
.•reased  the  '"  (iazette  "  to  a  fidl-sizod  fooNcap  paper. 

At   thi>   time  the  linaiicial  affairs  were  at  a   low 

83 


ii|  •• 


9 


a 


NEW    YORK    UNDER    THE    EXGLISII 


ebb.  Tliey  wore  doitrcsstd  and  out  of  joint,  owing 
larfTfly  to  tlie  licavv  failures  in  the  ^lotlier  country 
followinp:  tlie  collapse  ui  the  South  Sea  IJubblc,  By 
the  treaty  of  I'trecht,  Spain  had  made  concessions 
of  larfic  tradinj::  privile<;(\s  to  the  South  Sea  Conijiany 
on  the  condition  that  the  ('ouipany  would  take  u]) 
10,00(),()()()  pounds  of  the  national  debt  at  5  per  cent, 
interest.  The  wlude  debt  of  the  nation  was  quickly 
included  in  the  South  Sea  Scheme  and  taken  up  by 
the  Conij)any.  Shares  of  the  Company  at  cost  of  100 
pounds  each,  in  a  few  months  were  sold  at  1,000 
pounds  each.  London  became  wild  with  excitement. 
London  at  that  time,  all  beiu":  in  a  feverish  state 
of  anxiety  to  speculate  in  sliares  of  the  company,  it 
was  of  very  short  duration.  Soon  the  whole  fabric 
tumbled  to  the  firouml.  Icaviui:  thousands  ruined  and 
jH'uniless.  Sir  lidbert  Walpolc  then  came  into  power, 
lie  caused  the  confiscation  of  the  jtroperty  of  the 
l)romoters  of  the  South  Sea  Scheme  and  restored  the 
country  t(»  a  sound  financial  condition.  Xew  York 
merchants  and  traders  had  indirectly  felt  the  effect 
of  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  bubble  in  England,  but 
soon  after  the  city  brijihtened  up  and  set  out  on  new 
lines  of  jirosperity.  Colonial  life  Vv'as  always  men- 
aced by  the  danjicr  of  war,  as  well  from  the  wild 
men  of  the  forest  as  the  enemies  of  Eniiland.  This 
nerve(|  them  to  lives  of  earnestness  and  activity. 
J  hey  were  the  a<lventurous  vanguard  of  a  great  na- 
tion, and  were  beset  by  datigers  which  never  could 

b4 


NEW  YORK  UNDER  THE  EXGLISH 


hnve  roaelicd  tlicm  in  tlic  Mother  country.  This,  the 
cliic'f  coiikT  of  tinancial  support  and  preparation,  was 
over  alive  witli  new  pr^  jects  and  dan^rers.  I'or  the 
tirst  Hfty  years  under  tlie  Dutch,  New  England  on 
tlie  north  and  Virpnia  on  the  south  were  a  constant 
cause  of  nienace  to  New  York,  while  the  French  on 
the  northwest  were  ever  ready  for  rapacious  inroads 
upon  New  Netherlands.  The  Indian  chiefs  were  for- 
ever on  the  wari)ath,  tirst  for  the  French  and  then 
for  the  Kniilish,  or  apiinst  hoth  as  their  interest  led 
thcni.  The  iidand  lakes  and  the  St.  Lawrence  River, 
divide  tlu'  state  of  New  York  from  Cana«hi.  It 
was  a  coiiinion  jiractice  for  Indians  on  hoth  sides 
of  the  line  to  seize  families  of  the  whites,  handajre 
them  and  drive  them  to  distant  parts  and  sell 
them  into  slavery  to  Indian  as  well  as  to  white 
nia>ters. 

Here  we  have  the  Fufilish,  French  and  Spanish 
(.wncrships  after  the  couipiest  of  New  Netherlands. 
Still  you  will  ohserve  the  French  were  owners  of 
aliout  two  thirds  of  the  continent. 

lu  174S,  to  keep  the  Fnglish  back,  the  French 
constructed  a  line  of  forts  on  the  Ohio  River.  The 
Knfilish  disjmtcd  their  rij^ht  to  do  so  and  sent  (Jen- 
eral  Hraddock  to  foivc  them  back,  (u'orsie  Washinir- 
ton  was  a  Major  un<ler  P)raddock.  The  (ieneral 
f(.\iaht  with  iireat  bravery,  hnr.ses  were  shot  undt  r 
iiim,  and  at  last  he  fell  dead  in  the  midst  of  batllc. 
The  couunand  then  devolved  upon  Washington.      Ho 

bo 


f 


MICROCOPY    RESOLUTION    TEST    CHART 

.ANSI  ond  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    2 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


K|2| 

■  50      "^^ 

,-    13.2 


1.4 


2.5 


J.^ 

2.2 

40 

2.0 

1.8 

j=      ^PPi   lED  IfVMGE     Ir 


NEW    YOKK    UNDER    THE    EXGLI8II 


1. 


;il-<)  luul  two  liorsos  killc<]  iiiidcr  him  an<l  had  hi? 
(•loth-iiii:'  riddlcil  with  Ijidlcts. 

Wars  aaaiiK-t  .  ■  Froiicli  in  Caiiaihi  wcvo  of  con- 
tinual occurrence,  for  tlie  support  of  which  New 
^'ork  was  always  foremost  with  men  and  nionry. 
It  was  always  su|ierloyal,  and  hail  many  rich  mer- 
I'hants  and  old  landowners  with  costly  residences. 

In  ITTift  Lord  Louden  was  a])pointeil  (iovernor, 
and  the  same  year  the  Marqtiis  of  Montcalm  received 
a  commissio!!  as  commander  in  chief  of  the  Frencli 
army  in  Camnla.  lie  was  a  tlistinii'uished  oHlcer  and 
at  once  made  skillful  ])r(>i)aratioiis  around  the  French 
lines. 

Ahoiit  this  lime,  IT.")-'),  Benjamin  Franklin  was 
ap|)ointed  hy  the  Ilritish  (lovernment.  I*o-.tmaster 
(General  of  America,  lie  was  well  known.  He  had 
with  his  wonilerfid  kite  hron^ht  lij;litninii  from  the 
skies.  Liiihtniiin'  rod<  hecame  the  raize  ol  the 
jM'ople.  At  that  time  there  were  jio  mail  coacdies. 
All  postal  matter  was  carried  on  lior-ehack,  hut 
America  was  not  far  Ixddnil  Fniihind,  for  then  it  was 
eoinmon  for  the  ])ost  rider  to  leave  London  for  Fdin- 
hurirh  with  only  live  or  six  letiei's,  and  it  recjiiired  ten 
days  to  get  a  reply  lutween  th(>se  old  cities.  Frank- 
lin soon  made  great  im|)rovements,  so  that  during 
the  whole  of  the  winter  he  kept  u|)  one  mail  a  week 
hetween  New  N'ork  and  lMiilailelj)liia,  a  di>tance  of 
eightv   miles. 

('oloiicl    P-Mer   Schuyler   had    hern    tal\en    ju'isoncr 


m:w  youk  r.NDEK  the  English 


liv  Montcalni  in  one  of  his  invasions.  He  was  a 
ilToat  lover  of  liritisli  institutions.  rp<iii  his  return 
tlie  Avliole  city  was  illiuiiinated  in  hi>  honor.  ].i>U(lcn 
was  reciilleil  ami  .\ln'rcr(inihie  a])iioin;e(l  ( 'oiiimanui  r 
in  Chief'.  Thi^  izave  new  conrajic  to  the  coloiiie-. 
New  \'ork  voted  $l(t(l.(t(i()  to  a>sist  in  the  canipaii:!! 
against  the  l'"rench.  Kverv  (juarter  ^warmed  with 
vohint«'fr>  ready  to  take  the  H(dd.  (Jeneral  Woltr. 
a  hrave  othccr.  was  a>sii:ne(l  to  the  sie<;-e  (d'  Qnelxc. 
His  army  (d"  ahont  T.TilKI  vtronu',  made  nj)  of  regulars 
and  New  ^'ork  Militia,  wa-  >tatioi.eil  a1  Point  Levi, 
riiiht  o])|M)>ite  (^ucIm'c  on  ihc  St.  Lawrence  River, 
where  with  r<'ddiot  shot  Wolfe  set  the  Lower  Town  of 
(Jnehee  in  a  hlaze.  lie  waited  patiently  for  rei'ii- 
t'orcrnients  ])roniised  him  from  home,  hut  they  never 
came:  in  Seiitemher.  17r>tl,  two  hours  hefore  day- 
liiiiit,  thirty  Hat  hoats  eontaininu  rcitulars  and  volun- 
teers dropped  >ilently  down  with  the  current  to  a 
cove  on  the  (^uehee  >-i<le.  there  disend)ark'd  and 
scaleil  the  heights  of  .\liriiliam. 

Al  the  early  dawn  of  niornint;-  r),0()0  soldiers  stood 
di'awn  u|»  in  line  of  hattle  on  the  j)lains  ahove.  Swift 
messenuvrs  awakened  Montcalm  with  the  -tirrinj: 
news.  .\t  ten  o'(lock  the  two  armies  confronted 
each  other.  Doth  ueneral- displayed  nnirvidous  cour- 
au'e.  hut,  ala-,  hoth  were  killed  on  the  hattletield. 
To-day  the  touri-.t  will  ha\e  pointed  out  to  hiui  a 
monument  erected  on  tin  -pot  in  tnemory  ot  the  two 
heroes.     On  one  -ide  i-  engraved  the  iiolde  deeils  of 

bl 


XEW    YORK    UNDER    THE    EXGLISH 


I. 


^foiitoalm,  and  on  tlie  other  the  heroic  valor  of 
Wolfe.  V]M)n  the  fall  of  (^uehec,  Xew  York  ran  wild 
with  deliiiht.  All  hells  of  the  city  ranji  out  one 
jienei';il  tiniuilt  of  joy.  Bonfires  and  illuminations 
turned  niplit  into  a  scene  lonp;  to  be  remembered. 
But  the  j:la(hiess  was  saddened  ])y  th(>  hiss  of  the 
p-allant  AVolfe.  'J'here  was  grief  in  many  homes  in 
Xew  York,  their  nobk'  sons  having  died  by  the  side 
of  their  gallant  eomnuinder.  They  now  with  him 
lay  silent  in  soldiers'  graves.  When  the  British 
army  returned  to  New  York  from  the  conquest  of 
Canada  .  met  with  a  triumphal  rece])tion.  Sum|uu- 
ous  entertaiimii  nts  were  given  the  olhc(U-s  and 
soldiers,  and  general  rejoicing  \va>  seen  on  everv 
hand. 

Canada,  compi'ising  more  than  half  a  coiitincnt, 
had  i)een  ouiu'd  by  the  French  for  over  a  hundred 
anil  tifty  year-.  It  now  passed  un<l(  r  Briti^li  rul(>  and 
has  remaiiieil  so  for  one  huniircij  and  fortv  vears, 
during  all  this  time  steadfast  and  loyal  to  the  crown, 
more  loyal,  I  believe,  than  any  other  part  of  the 
Empire.  It  is  now  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  an  in- 
tegral part  of  the  gi'eat  imperial  tederaled  Empire 
with  a  commercial  /ollverciti  naching  around  the 
globe,  alike  l)enelici;d  to  the  great  Empire  and  to  the 
World  at   large. 

The  Treaty  of  Paris,  siirned  in  IT'!;'-,  closed  the 
I'reiicli  War.  Tlie  |irivateer  and  -innguler,  and  also 
the  pii'ate,  tor  a  time  had  their  occupations  goiu-.    Thr 


NEW    YORK    UXDER    THE    EXGLISII 


wholo  Xortliorn  coutiiiont  pvacticallv  Ijolonffcd  to 
Britain,  New  York  liaving  had  a  great  sliare  in  se- 
curing the  ownersliip  of  the  enormous  possessions  ex- 
tendiiiii'  from  ocean  to  ocean  and  northward  to  the 
Arctic  Ocean.  It  was,  in  fact,  too  hirce,  too  great,  for 
advantageous  and  economic  contiol  and  devek)p- 
nient,  while  the  pa.l  taken  in  tlie  Frencli  War  h_v 
the  coh)nies  gave  them  self-reliance  and  discipline 
for  another  struggle  not  many  years  in  advance.  The 
death  of  George  11,  in  Xovend)er,  iTTiO,  dissolved 
the  Xew  York  Assend)ly.  A  new  Assembly  was 
elected  and  convened  in  1  701.  The  new  king,  (Jeorgo 
III,  twenty-three  years  of  age,  grandson  of  the  for- 
mer king,  was  young,  strong  and  self-reliant,  his 
ruling  passion  heing  to  please  himself  above  the  dic- 
tates of  any  minister  or  friends.  This  was  quickly 
realized  by  William  Pitt,  the  Prime  Minister,  who 
on  the  r)th  of  October  following  resignc<l  othce.  The 
king  then  fell  into  the  error  of  disregarding  Parlia- 
mentary (iovernment,  and  endeavoring  with  a  few 
personal  friends  to  rule  the  nation,  a  danger  com- 
mon to  inexperience,  followed  usually  by  lasting  re- 
lH>ntance.  CJrenville  was  then  apjxiinted  to  tli<>  Head 
of  the  Treasury.  He  at  once  brought  forward  a 
scheme  for  taxing  the  coloiiii  s  by  means  •  f  stamped 
paper.  The  news  (d'  the  jirincely  lionits  of  tlie  ricii 
merchants  in  Xew  Y'ork,  surrounded  by  all  that 
wealth  t'oidd  procure,  was  received  in  England  as  an 
indication  of  ability  to  pay  a  pai't  ol  the  taxes  created 

by 


i 


m 


il 


^^EW    YORK    rXDEK    THE    EXGLTSII 


l.y  tlio  late  war.     AVlioii  the  act  was  passed,  the  news 
■was  received  in  America  witli  derision,  the  most  loval 
l»ein^c:  the  first  to  exclaim  against  it.     Wise  ..nes  said 
tliis  was  only  tlie  he<iinnin_ir.  tlie  intention  being  t<» 
tax  everytliing,  even  the  lands,  and  therefore  saftnv 
alone  lay  in  resisting  it  at  the  commencement.    Meet- 
mgs  were  held,  and  it  was  res(dvod  not  to  eat,  drink 
or  wear  anything  npon  which  a  tax  had  to  he  paid 
to  the  .M(.th(>r  (\.nntry.      From  this,  however,  a  few 
of  the  wealthy  and  intlnential  dissented.      England, 
therefor",  went  oti  pinning  her  faith  to  the  loyalty 
of  the  rii-h  houses  in   Xcw  York.     It  was  said  that 
the  Xew  England  States  were  founded  nj)on  r.-puh- 
liean  i)rinciples,  while   .\ew   York  was  nu.lded  after 
the  British   Constitution.      F.arre,  a  niemher  of  the 
II'Mise  of  Commons,  who  had  fought   beside   W,.|fo 
at  Quebec,  resisted  the  passage  of  the  act.  and  said, 
i  he  Sons  of  Liberty  in  .\merica  would  never  endnre 
it."     This  gave  rise  to  the  "  Sons  of  Liberty,"  one  of 
tlie  watchwords  in  .\ew  York.     The  act  passed  on  the 
I'Tth  of  Fcbruarv,  ITC.-,.   The  masses  in  New  York  at 
once  fnrmc(l  associations  known  as  the  "  Sons  of  Lib- 
erty. '    These  assoeiiitiojis  soon  extended  to  other  c<,l,,- 
nies  n.,rth  and  south,  except   Canada,  which  .steadily 
refused  to  jnin  the  revoh.     That  c.,l,,ny  had  hiug  been 
subjecte.I  to  the  <courge  of  war.      It   had  only  !at(dv 
h(  en   iirought   under   Uriti^h   lule.      Its   leading  men. 
more  parti. 'iihirly  the  chigv,  beh'eved  nothing  coidd 
resist    Liritish   aggressiuii ;    that    the   uprisintr  of   the 

DO 


yEW    YORK    UXDEK    THE    EXGLISII 

colonies  would  only  entail  more  useless  Moodslied. 
Uonco,  Canmla  refused  to  join  in  tli<.  rebellion,  and 
It  beeame  tlie  rendezvous  for  the  I5rifi«]i  .\  rniy  and 
the  base  of  supjdies  dnrin<>-  the  w.u: 

In  17(1.-.  a  eonvention  of  rejn-esenraTive^  from  all 
^he  coloni.'s   was  held  at  Xew   York.     Tlii.  was  to 
<lcliberate  upon  the  ol)ie(.tionable  acl>  of  Parliament. 
It  was  ealle.l  the  First  ('nuorcss  an.l  op,.ne<l  on  the, 
.th  of  Oetober  of  that  year  an,]  eoTitinued  for  t^  ree 
weeks.     The  result  was  an  hund.le  ad<lre<^  to  tlie  Ena- 
Jish  ]ronse  of  ( 'onmions.     While  the  e..n-re....  was  iu 
session  a  ship  arrived  earryini>  with  it  the  Stamp  Act. 
'I'liis  aroused  tlie  popnlaee.     That  ni-ht  papers  were 
}>osted  on  the  <!..,. rs  of  the  })ubli,-  buihlinos.     Here 
was  the  hr>t  ovrt  act.     X,.xt  .lay  the  excitement  was 
intense.      The  wh.de  city  to  one  man  seemed  deter- 
mmed  to  resist  tlie  lan.lin-  of  the  stamps.     Then  camo 
the    Declaration    of    Rii-hts   and    (Jrievaiices    of  the 
-■•donists  of  Ameri.'a   from  the  c.niir,.,-.     The  Oov- 
•I'lior  retired  int..  the  f..rt.      It  wa<  .-alle.l  "the  la.t 
<I:i,v   of   Liberty."      Tin-   strcvts  were   fnll   <.f  pe.,,,le, 
>«'nie  makino- threats,  many  int..xi,-ated,  <ome  sin-ini,^ 
balla.is  of  wliich  tln^  was  a  fav.M-it.- 

With  th..  beasts  „f  the  w<).)(l  we  will  rarnbl.'  f„r  food- 

Lo(|n:e  III  wild  deserts  ami  (■;ives, 

And  live  ;i,s  j.oer  Job  on  the  skirts  of  lli.-  Clobc, 

Hefore  we'll  submit  t.)  1m«  slaves. 

Urave  boys,  brav.'  boys. 

I  he    I-t   ,,f   X,,vend..'r   the  act   \va.- 


t<'  .(tine  int.) 


81 


XEW    YORK    I  XDER    THE    EXGLISII 


foroo.    It  was  nslurcil  in  with  tlie  tolling-  of  muffled 
bolls  and  flags  displayed  at  half  mast. 

The  new  (lovcrnov,  Sir  Ilenrv  Moore,  arrived. 
The  legislative  As.-en;}  ly  met  and  confirmed  the  acts 
of  its  congressional  coni'nittee.  Xow  York  was  head- 
(inartcrs  for  the  army  in  America;  and  while  on  the 
surface  all  seemed  sm<.o,h,  the  secret  order  of  the 
"  Sons  of  Liberty  "  ])asscd  resolutions  that  if  the 
Stamp  Act  were  n.»t  repealed,  the  people  of  America 
themselves  would  repeal  it.  On  the  ISth  day  of  March 
the  king  signed  a  hill  repealing  the  Stamp  Act,  for 
which  he  was  cheer(>d  on  his  return  from  the  Parlia- 
ment Duildings  in  England.  Bells  were  rung  and 
hontires  were  lighted  in  the  streets  of  London.  Swift 
packets  carried  the  news  to  Xew  York.  The  citv  he- 
canu'  wild  with  joy  and  gladness.  On  the  king's 
hirtliday.  the  4th  of  June,  a  whole  ox  was  roasted 
in  the  iields  of  City  Hall  Park;  twenty-tive  barrels 
of  beer  and  a  hogshead  of  rum  were  provided.  The 
whole  city  was  ilhunined  and  the  streets  were  parad- 
e<l  by  bands  phiying  "  (b.d  Save  tiie  King,"  while  the 
standard  of  Kn-ihind  Hoated  in  triumph  from  every 
avaibdile  point.  The  feasting  was  attended  by  Sir 
Thomas  .Mo(.i'e  in  person,  togetlun-  with  the  officers 
of  tlM'  army  then  stationed  in  Xew  York.  The  As- 
sembly, out  of  the  public  mon(y,  erected  an  e(pi(>s- 
trian  >tatue  in  h,)nor  of  King  (ieorge.  Thus  the  har- 
mony iiiid  loyiihy  of  the  peojile  seemed  finailv  settled. 
Soon  afler  tin    C.veriiof  ;id\lsed  the   .\ssendilv  that 

92 


XEW   YORK    UXDER    THE    EXGLISII 

he  liad  been  instructed  to  enforce  the  Mutiny  Act 
which  rcpiired  America  to  find  free  quarters  for 
the  Knifr's  troops.  This  in  some  respcts  wa. 
worse  than  tlie  Stamp  Act,  but  there  wa.  jrreat  re- 
luctance to  resist  it,  so  tlie  Assembly  passed  a  limited 
supply  bill.  This  was  refused  by  the  Oovernor  and 
rejected  by  the  KU:^.  About  the  same  time  the  sob 
diors  cut  doun  the  Liberty  Pole.  It  was  soon  erected 
agam,  and  the  citizens  and  soldiers  liad  frequent  dif- 
ficulties, which  afterwanls  culminated  in  ]astin«-  and 
serious  quarrels  between  them. 

The  Eniilish  Church  jmrty,  the  manorial  lords  and 
the  wealthy  merchants  carried   the  majority  of  the 
Assembly  when  eyery  d(>mand  was  met  for  the  sup- 
plies for  the  troops.  After  this  yote,  the  liistorian  says 
the  res,d<.„t  soldiery  Wame  more  afrfrressiye      On 
t^ie  18th  of  June,  1770,  an  o],en  ccmd>at  took  place 
One  person  was  killed  and  seyeral  wounded      This 
was  the  first  blood  shed  by  Britisb  soldiers,  and  was 
the  commencenuuit  of  the  Ciyil  AVar.     It  formed  the 
keynote  for  the  ^reat  reyolution. 

Sir  William  Tryon,  Bart.,  then  .uoycrnor  of  Xow 
^ork,  was  yam.  ex.dusive  and  hau-hty  with  the 
...asses  l.Mt  oxceedinply  atFable  to  the  few,  whom  he 
'.elu.ve,!  to  b,.  fh,.  o.ov,,n.in.c-  power.  At  this  time  the 
i'.ast  liuha  (/omi.any  depeufh^l  Jar^joly  „pon  the 
profits  uiade  out  of  ,>xports  to  America.  'They  repre- 
sent..! to  the  JJritish  (Joyernment  that  it  wa.  im- 
I'o.>ible   to   pay    the   Im,„.rial   diies    Inrause  of   the 

93 


.\EW    YOKK    rXDER    THE    EXGLISH 


i. 


Aincricaii  colonists  liaviii<>-  refused  to  consuine  anv- 
thinu'  of  a  taxable  nature,  and  that  tliev  were  unable 
to  exj)ort  tea  ti'  Anieriea,  as  a  dntv  liad  t<»  !h^  paid 
upon  it.  Tliis  olijeetion  was  met  by  an  iudireet  ar- 
raiiiiement  between  tlie  Kast  India  Company  and  the 
Jlonie  Government,  but,  after  all.  the  bur(l(>u  of  the 
duty  eaiiie  u|h.u  tlie  eoionists.  New  Voi'k,  at  a  public 
meetinii',  reserved  not  to  allow  tea  to  lie  landed  in 
tliat  eity. 

Soon  after  a  vessel  was  sea  relied  and  ei<>hteen 
ehests  found,  they  were  swiftly  thrown  into  the  sea 
by  the  eonunittee.  Shortly  after  that  time  Boston 
had  thrown  .'540  chests  into  the  ocean,  and  an  act 
of  British  Parliament  had  been  passed  closing  the 
])ort  of  Boston  and  changin;:  the  seat  of  government 
from  that  city  to  Salem.  All  the  other  colonies  went 
into  mourning  (fver  this  event,  bells  were  mutfled  in 
J'hiladelphia  and  Haas  lowered  to  half  mast,  lu  Vir- 
ginia ])eo}»le  fasted  and  jtrayed  in  the  ehurehes,  and 
along  the  entire  coast  indications  were  exhibited  on 
t-hipboard  as  well  a<  on  land  of  mourning  of  the 
peo|ile.  Ihu  amidst  it  all,  i)ands  paraded  the  streets 
of  Xew  "i'ork  pla\ing  "(iod  Save  the  King,"  showing 
at  heart  the  real  loyalty  of  the  j)eople.  Xew  York 
had  remaineil  truly  loyal  up  to  this  time,  but  now  the 
IHiblic  indignation  bur>t  forth  in  a  detiant  attitude. 
There  was  an  u|!i'i-ing  of  the  whole  peoj)le  with  ef- 
tigv-buriiing  and  nightly  processions  bordering  upon 
riots.     At  a  jmblic  nieciing  a  committee  of  tifty-one 

04 


NEW  YORK  rXDER  THE  KXOLISH 

wa.   appointed    to  attend    the   tirst  continental   con- 
gress.    This  took  place  in  1774.      Ft  was  still  hoped 
to    overcome    this.      Deh-ates    upon    l(>:,vi.io-    to    at- 
tend   tlie    c-.ni.rivss    were    escorted    to    the    f,q-ries    In- 
lands   playinp-,    as   of  old,    "  (lod    Save   the    Kino-.'^ 
I-<'n.l.i(^s  for  the  Mother  Countrv-,  loyalty  to  the  kin^ 
iind    I!riti>h   institutions  wer.^  deep  in  the  heai'ts  of 
rlH>   people,  but   colonial   life  was  niisnnderstn,,d   1,v 
tlie  M„ther  Conntrv.     The  danntless  spirits  who  had 
I'raved  dan<rers  on  sea  and  land  to  pet  awav  from 
^taid  rnles  and  rigid  discipline,  eould  not  well  l.rook 
the  declaration  that  the  colonies  were  createrl  to  pay 
trilmte  and  respect  to  army  repnjations  and  commer- 
<'ial  taxations.     The'nuitiny  act.  hy  which  the  soldiers 
'•lainied  i'rvv  and  forced  hillets  in  private  l.onses,  was 
more  insidting  and  harassing  to  the  people  of  Xew 
Vork  than  the  collection  (.f  taxes. 

For  over  one  hundred  years  the  colonies  had  been 
advancing  npon  sinij>le  lines,  and  now  were  l.at  ill  at 
ease  when  it  was  annonnc(>d  as  a  princijile  that  these 
,  <-olonies  had  not  been  advancino  for  their  own  good, 
l)iit   for   the  p-,,od   of  England   nn.h^r   what   was   de- 
Hared  to  be  the  ( 'olom-al  System,  and  that  thev  shoidd 
be  taxed  and  dealt  with  as  the  .Mother  ( "onntrv  might 
fin.l  beneficial.      Ender   th(>  C.d.mial   Sy>t..ili   p<,ods 
coidd    be    imported    only   from    Kngland.      Congress, 
among  its  tirst  acts,  resolved  to  im])ort  no  poods,  and 
to  petition  the  king  for  a  redress  of  grievances.     The 
king  gave  a  deaf  ear  to  tl,is  and  accepted  it  as  an 

',)o 


0 


XEW  YORK  UXDER  THE  ENGLISH 


I. 


act  of  weakness  and  insisted  ui)on  unswerving  obe- 
dience. 

Tlie  kinji-  was  suvr<t)inded  1)_v  ministers  not  cliosen 
for  their  wisdom,  but  for  their  compliance  with  liis 
wislies.  He  was  youn<ji:  and  untried,  without  tliat 
mature  experience^  nee(h'd  for  public  atfairs.  He  did 
not  seem  to  know  that  the  divine  ri<>ht  of  kinc^s  makes 
divinity  only  the  attnbute  of  justice.  He  refused  to 
hear  the  petition  of  the  colonists,  and  thereby  shifted 
himself  far  away  from  the  aid  of  divinity. 

As  before  stated,  three  ships  were  laden  with  tea 
and  sent  to  Boston,  a  town  of  about  IS, 000  people. 
When  at  anchor,  men  dn^ssed  as  .Mohawk  Indians 
boarded  the  vessels  and  threw  the  whole  of  the  car- 
goes into  the  sea.  For  this  act  the  franchise  was 
taken  from  the  city  and  the  seat  of  government  re- 
moved to  Salem.  The  city  was  declared  l)y  General 
(iage  to  be  under  nuirtial  law,  and  the  soldiery  billet- 
ed uj)on  the  peo])le,  while  both  officers  and  men,  as 
well  as  the  marines,  freely  and  lawlessly  went  from 
house  to  house  marauding  and  carousing.  This  was 
resentiMJ  bv  the  cohtnists.  The  ('i)ntinental  Concress 
then  ill  session  appointed  Colontd  AVashington,  Com- 
mander in  Chief,  witli  full  couimauil  of  the  American 
army. 

lie  entered  Xew  York  and  soon  hastened  to 
Boston. 

The  old  elm  tree  is  still  standing  on  the  higlnvav 
near  the  latter  city,  under  whieli  he  took  formal  com- 


NEW   YORK    U^DEIl 


EXGJJSir 


niand  of  tlio  army.  His  headquarters  were  in  tlio 
abandoned  ITmi'^c  of  Englishmen.  Thi^  house  after- 
^vards  became  f amors.  It  was  purcliascd  hy  Long- 
fellow, and  in  it  lie  wrote  his  world-reno\vne(l 
"Hiawatha/'  ".Miles  Standish  "  and  hundreds  of 
eliarmin<f  epie  and  lyriei)oems.  JIc  died  here  in  June, 
1>">77.  A  bust  of  Longfellow  now  stands  in  Westmin- 
ster AblK'v,  the  revered  sepuleher  of  the  mi^dity  men 
of  our  race. 

•  l»y  the  kindness  of  surviving'  friend.^  I  was 
shown  over  the  house  in  July  of  the  vear  ISOL 
There  is  an  old  chair  and  louf  table,  the  inkstand 
and  pen  just  as  they  were  left  by  tiie  scholar,  the 
keen,  experi-Miced  i>hilosoi)her  and  warm,  symi)athiz- 
in^  friend;  in  one  chimney  corner  is  the  chair  often 
occupied  by  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  and  in  tlie  other 
the  favorite  s(>at  of  J^owell — three  of  the  ,i>reatest  men 
of  this  century.  Washinffton  occupied  the  house  as 
his  headquarters  for  only  four  months.  The  room 
i-^  now  pointed  out  in  which  Lady  Washinjiton  re- 
ceived her  guests.  Xew  \'ork  was  the  British  head- 
quarters for  its  army  until  ITs:;;,  after  the  close  of 
the  war  and  the  sioning  of  the  treaty  of  Paris. 

John  Adams,  JJenjamin  Franklin  and  John  Jay, 
the  latter  a  i)rominent  Xew  Yorker,  were  aj)pointe(l 
commissioners  for  America,  and  David  Hartley  for 
England.  They  signed  the  linal  treaty  of  jieace  after 
several  months'  C(jnsidtation.  The  original  paper  is 
now  in  the  archives  at  Washington. 

1)7 


«    I 


f'-l 


NEW    YORK    rXDER    TJIK    EXGLTRH 


n* 

^|» 


C 


1 
I 


David  Tlarflev   was  a  niombor  of  tlie  Tlouse  of 
CoiniiKuis.  fully  ill  fho  contidcnco  of  the  ^•ov(>runient, 
iiltliouiili   throiiohoiir   the  Am.  rioan  stnifiiilc  ho  had 
docdaivd  his  sviupath.v  with  tho  Ainorican  people.   It 
i!iay  lie  sjiid   in  justiee  to  the  English  that,  when  it 
Wiis  (dear  that  a  separation  must  take  place,  they  cn- 
•  leavored   liy  (n-er\    possible  means  to  conciliate  and 
l)nnii-    about     peaceful    relations    between    the    two 
countries.      Ii  was  the  jilain  duty  of  the  British  com- 
iiiander  to  pivvciit  tii(>  disiueuibernient  of  the  Kinpire 
and  to  put  down  the  rebellion,  just  as  niucdi  as  it  was 
the  duty  of  the  federal  Lioveniiiient  to  ])ut  down  the 
ivUdlioii  in   the  S.mth.     On  that   sc(.re  there  should 
be  no  bitt(M-  feelino-.     'Y\^^,  triumph  of  J'.ritish  arms 
under  WoltV      u\  all  other  t riumphs  b(d'ore  that  time 
redound  as  much  to  tlu    glory  of  the   l'nite(|  States 
a-  to  the  riiite(l  Kingd(Uii. 

I'liriiig  I  war  there  were  many  foreign  othcers 
who  b,,iv  arm-  on  ih,.  Aiiierican  -ide.  IVomi- 
iieiit  aiiioiiuM  them  wa-  the  Manpii-  de  Lafa- 
yette, ilaroii  .^h.|ilM-ii.  the  Karl  ot'  .\berdeeii  and  Loi',1 
Stirliiii;. 

I'rince  Wiliiam  Ibiiry.  at'terward-  K'ing  William 
I\,  wa-  at  that  finic  the  •:ue-t  of  Adiuii'al  Diubv  in 
Xew   York.      In   l.aml."-  "  lli-iory  "■  jt  i, -aid  that  af- 

•'■'■  *'"•  ''•■'•hiraii f  pence  the  Ihiii-h  acted  houoi- 

;'hly  and  paid  many  per„,n>  who  were  h.yal  to  tho 
('r<.w!i  and  who  had  Hitbred  dama,-c>  (iuriii-  the 
-inigiilc. 

98 


XETV    YORK    [\\DER    THE    EXr.IJSir 

.Tolin  Adams  went  tn  London  a^  roprp>ontativc  of 
fln^  Mf-w  nation. 

lie  was  a  proniiiirnt  fiaiiro  diirino'  tlic  war  r.corpe 
rir  met  liim  cordiallv  and  said.  '•  T  was  rlic  last  to 
consent  to  a  separation.  1,,,,  ihe  .,.p;,rali(ui  Iiaviiio.  l.oen 
made  and  iiavin.ii'  iu'cunic  incvitahlo.  I  have  always 
sai.l,  an<l  say  now.  that  I  would  ho  tho  Hr>t  to  moot 
tlu-  frion.M.ip  of  tho  Tnito.)  St.nos  as  an  indopond- 
ont  powor." 

In  ITS,-,  Xow  V(.ik  was  drchnvd  i.»  i),.  fii,^  (";ipiti,l 
"f  tho  nation,  an.!  llic  first  connross  aftrr  tlio  poaoo 
was  ludd  il,(-r("  in  tlio  oM  City  Hall  on  WmI]  Stroot  on 
til.'  sit,,  of  tho  pr.'sont  suhtroasury.  ..onio,-  of  .\assan 
Stroot.  llrr..  it  was  that  Sir  John  T.Miiplo,  iirst  Am- 
I'^issador  from  (Joor...  Ill,  was  roooivod  i.v  comrross, 
"•"1  Ix'iv  it  was  thai  all  tho  nd.iistcrs  to  foroi-n' pow- 
ers wore  appointed  and  (lie  chief  ni-ani/ation  of  the 
American  Kepuhlic  look  place. 

Diirin.o'   the   colonial    peri-.d.    llinns;,nds   of   .li^ti,,- 
piii^lie.l  colonial  dames  ;,ct,.d  a  prominent  part. 

Of  fliol.eanties  of  fhi.t   period.   I.ady   Kittv  Dnorr, 


dau^-hter  of  L,,rd  Stirlin-:,  1h. 


rn   in    New  ^'..rk  city, 


was  uuv  whos..  charms  niid  characicr  won  her  many 
tnemls.  SI,,,  wa^  married  and  hecame  the  mother 
"t  M-voral  di.liMo„i.h,.,|  statesmen  who  have  since 
lii^ured  in  American  lii.story. 


f    > 


i  . 


m 


00 


WASTIIXGTOX  AS  A  BRITISH  OFFICER 

Canada  Dcforc  aii<l  After  Inclopondonco  of  the  United 
States — (V)l()iiial  Life — Wars  Ajrainst  tlie 
French  and  Indians — Captnre  of  Quebec — Brit- 
ish Flag  AVaved  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  to  tlie 
Gulf  of  ^lexic'j. 


IX  Fl'.>7  the  Uritish,  nndei-  Cahot,  made  the  first 
discdverv  of  the  mainland  of  the  continent  of 
America.  I'dssession  was  taken  in  the  name  of  Oi'iirv 
\'II  of  Kiigland.  l)_v  virtue  of  thi<  discovery  and 
jK.sscssion,  as  \v(dl  as  their  first  permanent  settlement 
at  -lamestown  in  \'iri;inia.  the  P.ritish  have  ahvavs 
c'aiiiie(l  for  them-elves  and  l.,cir  descendants  a  pri- 
mal niiht  to  the  mainland  of  the  continent. 

The  French,  who  came  thirty  years  later,  under 
('artier,  <'lainied  all  Nocth  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and 
Southward  via  the  Ohio  and  .Mississippi  rivers  to 
New  Orleans.  'i'licy  huilt  numerous  fortifications 
from  (^Mchec  to  the  (!ulf  of  .Mexico.  .\mon«i-st  the 
nali\c  trihe<  they  made  many  con\crt>  to  ("hrislian- 
ify  and  ac()nii-inir  supreme  inlluince  over  them, 
formed  alliances  which  afterwanls  liecame  ajfjrres- 
?i\e  and  menaciuL:  to  .\ew  l'!ni:land.  New  York  and 
reiinsylvania,  as  well  as  to  Virginia  ami  the  South. 

Jn   IT.')!  this  >tate  of  alfairs  iirought  on  what  was 

lUU 


WASIIINGTOX   AS  A  ERITISII   OFFICER 


known  as  the  "  French  and  Indian  War."    Before  ac- 
tual hostilities  l)e<ran,  the  (lovernor  of  Virpnia  sent 
for  the  intre])id  young  surveyor,  (Jeorge  Washington, 
then    twenty-one    years   of   age,    and    intrusted    liiin 
with   a    dispatch    to    the   coniniandant    at    Fort    Du- 
quesne,  now  Pittshnrg,  re])resenting  the  injustice  of 
maintaining  fortifications  on   British  ground  and  re- 
quesiing    the    ahaudonuienr    of    rheiii.       Tlie    licroic 
young  courier  within  a  few  hours  was  on  his  way 
nuiking  rhe  perilous  journey  (.f  4(10  miles.     On  his 
arrival,  he  was  treated  with  that  respect  and  kindness 
the  French  know  so  well  how  to  extend  to  strangers. 
'1  he  whole  of  the  (iovernor's  request,  however,  met 
with  a  positive  refusal  by  the  otiicer  in  charge.    Wasji- 
ington  set  out  on  his  return  jouniev,  having  oidy  one 
conq)anion.     With  compass  in  inin.l,  he  .truck  holdlv 
through  the  forest.      The  streams  wen>  >wolien  and 
the    rivers   almost    imjiassahlc.       ,o   cross    the    Alle- 
gheny a  raft  was  improvised.     Fix.n  it  tin'  two  wan- 
derers emharked,  with  poles  to  guide  and  >teer  the 
cratt.     Soon   the  hoiling  tlood  aixl    projecting  rocks 
ton'   the  ratt    asunder  and    threw   the   uidiickv   occu- 
pants into  the  raging  torrent.     Thev  saved  their  lives 
hy  swimming.      History  says  that  an  Indian  -hot  at 
Washington,  l.ut  missel  his  mark.    .\t  la>t  he  rea.'lied 
AVillianisJMirg,  the  sent   ..f  government    for   N'irginia, 
and  delivered  the  French  nply. 

Karly  the  next  -pring  the  Kreudi.  who  were  allied 
with  all  till'  northern    Indian'^,  drove  olF  a  {lartv  of 

101 


t    I 


i  . 


n\ 


WASIIIXGTOX  AS  A   BUrTISII  OFFICER 


* 


IJritisli  IradciN,  and  the  war  hopan.  roloiicl  Frvo,  at 
t!io  lioad  of  a  rogiinciif  <>i"  Vir<>iniaii  troops,  with 
Wasiiinpton  socond  in  ooniinand.  iiad  Ikmmi  sent  to 
o'\'Uj)v  Diiqiiosiio,  a  coiiiinaiidiiiii'  position  at  tlie 
fork  (if  rli(>  Moiioiiiialicla  and  AllcLilicny  ri\crs. 
Thoy  went  forward  witli  a  roconnuiicrinii'  ]>ai't_v.  Tlio 
French  wore  in  and)nsh.  and  npon  Washington  hcin^' 
iiiioniicd  ul  tlicir  iocatmn,  he  pivc  oi'di-i-s  to  lire  npnin 
tiu'  foo,  then  faintly  disrernihlo.  Witli  this  volley 
the  leader  of  tln^  French  wa-  killed.  History  creilits 
Washiniiton  with  tiri'ii:'  the  tirst  shot  in  a  war 
which  lasted  for  nin(>  \'v.\r~.  Colonel  Vvxc  wa- 
killed.  Washin<rton  took  e<niiinand  and  saverl  the 
ilay.  SooTi  .il'ter  at  the  (;r(>at  .Meadows  1h>  was  snr- 
ronndod  hy  a  large  hody  of  l'"rencli  and  Indian^  and 
eompolled  to  capitnlate. 

In  17;").'.  (ienci-al  liraddock.  an  Fnglish  othcer, 
r"n(died  Alexandria.  \'a.  He  was  uwt  there  h\  the 
go\-ernors  of  foin'  colonics  and  pi  >ns  tornicd  for  an 
active  eanipaign.  Colomd  Washington  was  at  once 
placed  npon  his  >tatV  a-  an  . \  id-dc-c, in!]).  The  o|d 
r.ra<ldoek  house  i-  -til]  -hown  t.)  the  tonri-t,  with  the 
room  in  which  the  nicctini:-  took  place  and  the  he<l- 
rooni-  in  which  all.  including  Wa-hiiiiiton.  slept  that 
rnght.  I  wa-  -ni'itri.-eil  to  (ind  it  in  -iidi  a  go<jd  state 
of  preser\  at  ion. 

'I'he  ilriii-h  i:viicr,i|.  in  hiuh  spirits,  iM.asted  that 
t!ie  regulars  would  cpiickly  put  an  end  to  the  war. 
i'ladilociv  wa<  warned  hy  the  ('olonial  governors  and 


AVASJMXGTON   AS  A  BRITISH  OFFICER 


by  his  aidc-di'-camp  of  the  peculiar  mode  of  warfare 
of  the  Iiidi;ui.~.     Tlic  march  f(.r  Fort  Duquesiie  was 
midortakcii.  iitid  after  miicli  ])rivation  and  delay,  on 
the  Oth   (.1"  -luly,    l7o'>,  when   on   the   bank  of  the 
]\lon(>n<ialicla.     ilic    enemy,    ambiislu'd    within    close 
raniie,  set    up  a   wild    war  wIkpoji  on  every  side  and 
made  a  rapid   attack,      '["lie   rejiulars  found  braverv 
of  no  use  and  were  almost  helpless.     The  Viri^-inian 
contingent  ni-hed  into  tiie  f(»rest  and  fouiiht  a  hand- 
to-hand    battle.       Ih-addock   was   mortally    wounded. 
AVashington  had  his  h(.rse  killed  luider  him  and  wa-< 
on  foot.      Then,   with    tlie   aid   of  IJishoj),  the  body 
servant  of  the  general,   he  seized  and  mounted  the 
horse  of  (ieneral  IJraddock  and  led  the  remainder  of 
the  command  into  the  thick  of  the  tight  and  savtd 
the   Rritish    t'lom   utter   annihilation.      He   had    two 
iKa'ses   killed,   yet    he  came  out   of  the   dreadful   en- 
counter   without    a    scratch,    and    then    IJishop.    Dr. 
('lark    and    oilu-rs   cai'ried.   on   an    imjirovised    litter, 
the    wound, 'd    general   to   a   «listant    poiiU,   wheri"   he 
died.      At  midnight,    by   ;i    flickering   light,   a  grave 
was  made  in  the  center  of  the  road,  to  prevent  the 
Indians   iiu<ling   it   and    dcM'cnifing  the  bodv,   when 
^^ashingl^u  read  the  impressive  -ervice  of  the  An:;li- 
can  Chunli  over  the  remain-,  and  the  grave  wa~  -o 
leveh'd  iin<l  arranged  as  not  to  attract  the  jiasser-liy. 

In  17;.<;  ('(donel  Washington,  on  otticial  businc-< 
tor  the  (Jovernor  of  Virginia,  vi-ited  IJoston.  He 
called  on  hi-  old  friend.  Ueverly  l{(.binson,  and  there 

1  o;5 


i 


WASIIINGTOX  AS  A  BRITISH  OFFICER 


for  tlio  first  time  mot  ^liss  ^larv  Pliillips,  younge-i; 
daughtiT  of  Colonel  Frodorick  Phillips  and  a  sister  to 
Mrs.  Robinson.  The  Phillips  family  were  wealthy 
and  distinguished.  ]\Iary  was  of  moderate  height, 
and  of  surpassing  beauty  and  graeefuluess.  llistoiy 
.says  Washingt<»n  was  at  once  captivateil  l)y  her 
charms.  He  made  a  brief  visit  and  hurried  t  )rward 
to  Boston,  where  in  all  haste  he  dispatched  his  business 
and  retui-ned  to  Xew  York.  He  was  a  guest  of  Colonel 
Robinson.  The  wliide  family  were  delighted  to  see 
ium  again.  ]\Iiss  Phillips  as  well,  having  heard  of  his 
bravery  and  goodiie.-s.  now  more  tiian  ever  smiled 
upon  him.  lie  was  delighted  to  be  informed  rbat 
^Major  Roger  ^lorris,  an  old  eomradi'  on  the  field  of 
!Monongahela,  was  a  constant  visitor  at  the  house. 
^lorris  had  also  been  on  the  staff  of  Ceneral  lU-dd- 
dock,  and  had  a  deeiK-^eated  admiration  amounting 
to  love,  as  amongst  men,  for  Washington;  but,  alas, 
!Morris  luul  been  and  was  now  in  love  with  Marv 
Phillips.  AVashington,  quick  to  detect  this,  resolved 
that  he  would  resjiect  it  and  not  disturb  the  bravi 
f(dlow,  who  was  hi<  form(>r  friend  and  comrade-in- 
arms. Albeit,  still  Washington  lingered,  while  thev 
all  grew  more  and  more  attached  to  him,  and  with 
the  greatest  heartiness  and  good  will  he  returned  the 
kindness.  .Mi>s  Phillips  gave  him  itret'erence  to  all 
others.  He  was  then  twenty-f<>ur  years  of  age.  Ho 
was  strong,  brave,  maidy  and  kind,  while  she,  verv 
much  voiiiiiicr.  was  hiahlv  educatf'd,  mi>di'<t  and  <n'n- 

1(»4 


AVASHIXGTOX   AS  A  BRITISH  OFFICER 

iiiue  in  nature.  AH  thonjrlit  they  were  most  suited  to 
each  other.  When  on  the  4th  of  October,  in  the 
eveninii',  a  letter  was  handed  to  Wasliington,  lie  ex- 
cused himself  and  withdrew  to  the  library.  In  a  half 
hour  after  he  returned  to  his  friends  and  explained 
how  uro-ent  the  message  was,  and  that  the  bearer  of 
it  was  now  in  waiting  to  accompany  him  on  the  wav. 
He  promised  to  writ(>  in  ten  days  and  took  his  de- 
liarture,  but  after  doing  so  he  tarried  and  intimated 
to  a  partieidar  friend  in  Xew  York  that  he  liked 
]\[orris,  indeed  had  a  great  fondness  for  him,  but 
withal  would  like  to  be  advised  from  time  to  time 
how  his  suit  jirogressed  with  ^fiss  Phillips.  It  was 
one  of  these  singular  coincidences  arising  amongst 
men,  where  either  one  would  willingly  make  great 
sacritices  for  the  other.  Washington  was  warned 
from  Xew  York  of  how  affairs  prcgressed  and  the 
probability  of  an  early  marriage,  but  more  than  ever 
he  resolved  not  to  interfere,  and  never  met  the 
charming  lady  until  after  her  marriage  with  Captain 
Morris. 

Beverly  Robinson  was  a  son  of  John  Beverly  Rob- 
inson, a  former  (iovenior  of  Virginia.  He  was  a 
graduate  of  King's  (\)llege,  now  Cobnnbia  College. 
Chnstopher  Robinsoji,  of  Virginia,  a  kinsman,  was 
father  of  Sir  John  Beverly  Robinson,  afterwards 
Chief  dnstice  of  Cpper  Canada,  who  during  his  long 
term  of  ofHce  had  held  the  confidence  and  respect 
of   all    classe>.     His    son,   John    Beverly    Robinson, 

lOf) 


N     I 


WASIITXGTOX  AS  A  BEITISII  OFFICEPt 


forms   oiif   of   a   pliotoarapli   proiip   taken  in   front 
of  tlio  Pai'liamcnt  iroiise,  Ottawa.     AVo  wore  nieni- 
bers  of  tlie   House   of  Coniinons  at  the  same  time. 
At  tlie  close  (,f  rliat  session  we  came  west  together 
in  tlie  same  car,  lie  liaving-  in  liis  possession  the  ])arc]i- 
meut   appointini-'  liim   (Jovi'rnor  of  Ontario.      Wliile 
we  (litiered  widelv  on  the  cause  of  our  so  suddenly 
leavino-  Ottawa,  we  were  friends.     He  was  cxceed- 
miih-  cheerful  during'  the  journey,  and  soon  entered 
upon  the  active  duties  of  his  otHcc.     His  administra- 
tion gave   un(iualified  satisfaction   to   the  Province. 
Christoiiher  Jiohinsciu,   K.  (".,  another  son  of  the  late 
Chiel   .lusticc,   has   had  a  long  and  most   successful 
career  at    the   har  of  Ontario.      His  ]X'culiarity  had 
heen  that  while  <|uite  within  his  reach  he  never  would 
accei)t  any  pu!)lic  ottice.     After  the  trial  of  Wilson  at 
Windsor  for  ars..n,  in  which  1  acted  for  the  defense, 
Mr.    Rohinson,  acting  for  the  insurance  companies, 
.said  in  conversation  that  nothing  could  induce  him 
ever  to  go  „n  the   bench.      .Mr.    Robinson  was  chief 
counsel  at   Paris  on  the  Behring  Sea  arbitration  and, 
as  I  was  informed,  after  its  conclusion  was  oiTered  a 
knighthood.      Even   this  he  vleclined,   recommeudin<>- 
another  tor  the  honor,  which  was  conferred. 

J  here  i<  no  trace  of  any  intimacy  ever  being  kept 
np  between  Washington  and  Colonel  Morris  or  his 
wife.  Frederick  Phillips  an<l  Roger  .Morris,  Ik.w- 
ever,  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  Revolutionary  AVar, 
each  l»e<-ame  olHccr<  in  the  service  of  the  Roval  ("au?e. 

lOG 


^rASIIIXOTOX   AS  A  BRITISH  OFFICER 

Fiiiling  ill  tliis,  the  whole  of  the  Pliillip.-  property  fell 
under  the  Xow  York  Act  of  Attainder  and  wa^  i'ouiis- 
eated  to  the  state.  Ttwas  fonnd  afterwards  that  the  Act 
•  •f  AttaiiKk'r  did  not  apply  to  any  hut  the  life  interest 
of  the  parties,  \vliereHp<in  John  -Jacoh  Astor  purchased 
Ihe  ri-ht  (.f  the  heirs  for  $100,000,  and  afterwards 
resold  it  to  tlie  State  of  New  York  for  $500,000. 

Again,  in  ITnS,  the  British  resolved  to  make  an- 
other determined  eflF(.rt  to  capture  Duquesne,  this  he- 
ing:   a    most    important    strategieal    pf)int.      General 
Forl)es  wa^  placed  in  eoimnand,  with  Washington  ai, 
the  head  (.f  ihe  Virginia  forces.     The  country  was 
rough   and    almost    impassalile,    often   causing  much 
delay.     When  within  ten  lejignes  of  the  point  of  d(>s- 
tination  an  impromptu  council  of  war  was  held  and 
tlie  ahand<mnient  of  the  attempt  resolved  upon.    Wash- 
ington stoutly  resisted  this  retrograde  step,  and  pro- 
posed with  an  advance  guard  and  such  force  as  was 
available,  to  personally  lead  the  Bntish  into  the  Fort. 
The  offer  was  at  once  accejited,  when  he,  by  a  trusty 
hand  of  reconnoirerers,  disjielled  all  danger  as  the  ad- 
vance was  made.      In  a   few  days  jifter  the  French 
ahandoned   the   F..rt.     Wlien  the  British  marchi'd   in 
they  found  it  in  ruins,  the  French  having  set  it  on  tire 
the  day  before;  and  as  the  I5ritish  flag  was  raised  over 
the  ruins  it  was  calle*l   I'ittsburg  in  honor  of  Pitt, 
the  friendly    Prime    Minister   of    Kngland,    who    by 
order  in  council  had  iixed  the  status  (,f  .-olonial  officers 
on  a  par  with  the  regular  arm  v. 

107 


WASIIIXGTOX  AS  A  BRITISH  OFFICER 


Colonel  Washinijton,  at  twenty-six,  was  now  one 
of  the  most  consj)icuous  characters  and  hest  officers 
in  colonial  life. 

In  1750,  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  after  tlie  fa- 
mous Chaniplain  had  founded  the  city  ox  (Juebee,  and 
its  fortifications  had  "ained  the  renown  of  being  ab- 
solutely impretinable,  it  was  placed  under  siege  by 
the  British.     Tlie  regulars  and  a  strong  contingent 
from  Xew  York  under  General  Wolfe  conducted  the 
bombardment.    Soon  after  the  famous  victory  on  the 
Plains  of  Abraham  took  place.     Both  armies  fought 
bravely,  and  both  generals  were  killed,  but  the  Brit- 
ish  were   victorious,   when   the   capitulation   of  the 
French  made  the  victory  com[)lete.    Then  it  was  that 
the  British  Hag  waved  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  to  the 
<'u]f  of  ]\Ie.\ico,    this    being   consummated    by   the 
Treaty  of  Paris  in  1763,  the  French  reserving  for  all 
tune  their  laws,  language  and  religion,  and  for  140 
years,  up  to  the  ])resent  time,  the  subject  matter  of 
the  Treaty  has  never  been  changed. 

In  ir>s:,  Queen  Flizabeth,  who  was  a  sincere 
friend  of  Sir  Waltei  Raleigh,  made  a  grant  to  him  of 
hundreds  of  nules  along  the  Atlantic  Coast,  Iteing  all 
that  portion  endiraced  between  Xorth  Latitudes  84^ 
to  :3s  \  He,  in  hon.^r  of  the  virgin  Queen,  called  this 
new  grant  "  Virginia,"  but  it  included  a  much  more 
extensive  district  than  what  is  n(.w  fixed  upon  as  the 
state  of  Virginia.  Tli(>  old  colony  was  always  desiir- 
natcd  as  the  Old    Dominion. 

lOS 


WASIIIXciTOX   AS   A  BRITISH  OFFICER 

Raloigli  was  rich,  well  favored  and  ednoated.    His- 
tory  says   tliat    Virp:inia    was   mainly   colonized    l.y 
^•gcntlonicn  of  l.irtl,,"  nnnsod  to  labor,  who  came  out 
m  search  of  wealth  and  adventure.     It  also  savs  that 
after  the  execution  of  Kin-  Charles,  in  l.;4!),  and  the^ 
accession  of  Cromwell,  and  when  the  House  of  Lord* 
became  disorganized,   that    tlw   royalists  flocked   to 
Virginia,    while    many   who   took   part   in   bringing 
about  the  execution,  who  were  called  regicides  and 
f(>ared  the  return  of  royalty,  flocked  to  the  New  Eng- 
land ctates.     Raleigh,   after  expending  large   sum^s 
of  money,  transferred  the  Grant  to  the  London  Com- 
pany, who  made  the  first  permanent  settlement  in 

Colonel  Washington  had  taken  no  part  in  the  vic- 
tory at  Quebec,  his  military  services  bein^  indispen- 
sable to  -        afety  of  Virginia.      His  earlv  life  ha<l 
been  that        surveyor  of  wild  lands  and  of  much  in- 
tercourse with  the  wild  men  of  the  forest.     He  was 
now  the  trusted  oflicer  and  courier  of  the  governor 
of  the  state.     In  this  cai    -ity  with  one  orderlv,  he 
was   on   liis  way   to  Williamsburg  with   a   dispatch 
After  crossing  a  branch  of  the  Vork  River  and  in 
passing  the  mansion   of   M,..   diamberlvn,   he   drew 
lip  and  dismounted  for  a  few  minutes'  conversation 
with  his  old  friend.     He  received  a  heart v  welc(Mne. 
The  house  was  alive  with  pleasure  at  meeting  the 
gallant  colonel.     All  joined  in  the  earnest  wish"  that 
he  would  remain  for  the  midday  meal.    As  a  further 

109 


WASlllNTiTOX  AS  A  KlilTIRH  OFFICER 


I 


induc't'iiK'iit,  liis  old  friend  in  a  quiet  way  intimated 
that  under  the  rcMif  was  a  beautiful  young  lady  who 
would  doubtless  eidiance  the  ))leasure  of  his  short  s^o- 
journ.  Orders  were  jjiven  for  the  horses  to  be  cared 
lor.  (Jood  cheer  and  deliphtful  eouipany  made  time 
pass  (jiiiekly.  .Mrs.  Martha  Custis,  a  treasure  in  her- 
self, m  addition  to  beiny  thi'  proprietress  of  tlu'  <>state 
known  as  the  White  House,  with  its  extensive  planta- 
tions, (juite  attracted  the  fiallant  geiu'ral.  After 
luncheon  they  strolled  leisurely  to  tlio  '•apacious 
drawing-room.  From  the  wiiuhnvs,  water,  forest, 
lawn  and  mcndciw  sjiread  out  far  to  the  Kastward,  a 
source  of  mutual  admiration.  Xo  writer  iias  evt^' 
ventured  ujutn  an  explanation  of  how  the  hours 
passed.  The  orderly  stood  at  the  main  entrance  to 
the  mansion  with  horses  champing  at  their  bit?,  eager 
for  a  start,  until  the  sun  j)assed  out  of  sight  in  the 
West,  when  Mr.  ('hamlxu'lyn  eutc'HMl  by  the  broad 
veranda  to  the  drawing-room  and  announced  that  it 
was  the  unwritten  law  of  Virginia  that  no  traveler 
should  leave  his  house  after  sunset.  Washington 
burst  into  laughter  and  said,  "  The  law  must  be 
obeu'd."  The  horses  would  Ix'  housed  for  the  ni^ht 
and  a  start  made  by  daylight.  Six  weeks  later  the 
beautiful  White  House  and  surrounding  i)uildings 
v.-ere  decorated  for  tin-  nu])tial  ceremony  and  th(> 
wedding  feast.  In  a  ipuirtcr  of  a  century  after,  the 
White  House,  now  the  Kxeeutive  ^Nfansion  at  Wash- 
ington, was  named  after  the  abode  of  Mrs.  (Justis,  the 

no 


WASIIIA'GTOX   AS   A  BRITISH  OFFICER 

c-liarmiiig   and    faithful    wife   of   the    father   of   his 
country. 

The  biop-rapliers  of  AVashinj-ton  represent  hini  as 
being-  unhke  any  other  man  of  his  time;  that  lie  was 
ail  Apollo   in   appearanee   and  strength,   hut   withal 
hgi't  of  foot  as  the  natives   of  the  forest;  that  he 
was  courageous  as  a  lion,  but  sympathetic  and  mod- 
est as  a  woman,  yet  h'-ghly  emotional.     AVhen  absent 
on  military  duty,  he  was  ele.-Ied  to  the  Vir-inia  leo- 
islature.     Later,  u,.on  entering  the  legishitiv,.  eham- 
l>cr    he  receive,!  a  hearty  reception,  and  at  once  a 
resolution  was  adopted  thanking  him  for  his  militarv 
services.      Speaker  Robinson,  in  tendering  him   the 
thanks  of  the  House,  clothed  it  with  such'  warm  ex- 
pressions of  personal  and  public  appreciation  as  to 
entirely  confound  the  young  hero.   Washington  aro^e 
to    respond.      Whil,.     blushing    profuselv,     lookino- 
^traight  at  the  sjK.iker,  then   up  at  the  ceiling,  and 
then  down  on  the  floor,  his  trepidation  and  confusion 
were  so  .invat  that  he  could  not  utter  a  sinde  word 
i  ho  speaker,  seeing  this,  said  in  a  kindlv  wav:  "  Bo 
seated,  Mr.  AVashington;  your  modestv  is  equal  to 
your  valor,  which  surpasses  the  power  of  anv  lan- 
S^.age  I  possess."     Again,  when  (Jeor^e  Washington 
1  arkc  Custis,  his  adopted  son,  lay  upon  a  dving  bed 
W  ashington  hurried  home,  fell  on  his  knees  and  burst 
into  tears,  praying  aloud  for  recovery.     The  s-mie 
teeling  is  manifested  in  all  the  letters  'to  his  adopted 
-.n   when  at  college,   but  more   particnlarlv  is  that 

111 


WAS1II.\GT0X  AS  A  BRITISH  OFFICER 


illustrated  l>y  tlic  scene  in  partinj^:  with  the  officers 
of  the  Revohitionary  army,  when  he  shed  tears  and 
kissed  tlieni  all.  lie  had  many  narrow  escapes.  The 
Indians  said  he  was  a  spirit-protected  man,  and  could 
never  die  in  battle.  In  many  respects  he  was  quite 
boyish,  and  freely  indulged  in  the  amusements  of  the 
time.  In  175S  there  is  an  entry  in  his  diary,  ''  Snow- 
inir  all  (lav.  Stavi'd  in  house  ])la_vini>;  cards."  He 
was  fond  of  children  and  could  romp  and  play  with 
them  for  hours. 

AVashintiton  was  in  many  resjvits  like  "Wellington. 
They  chafeil  at  the  officiousness  of  attendants;  they 
always  shaved  and  dressed  themselves  without  aid. 
They  were  both  great  soldiers  and  great  statesmen. 
Tluy  eacli  had  the  same  nund)er  of  letters  in  their 
name.  Tiiey  were  exci'edingly  court(>ons  and  fond  (d* 
ladies'  society  to  the  end  o  their  days.  They  were 
botii  early  risers  and  fond  of  outdo(»r  life.  Each  had 
an  atpiiliiic  nose  and  })rofile  mucli  th(>  same.  Tluy 
were  about  the  same  age  at  the  culminating  point  of 
their  lives.  Tiicy  each  stood  six  feet  in  height.  They 
wen   both  strict  nii-ndiers  of  the  Anglican  Church. 

AftiT  obtaining  independenc<',  and  by  numerous 
subseipiiiit  negotiations  ext<'!iiiing  over  many  years, 
tile  South  half  td'  the  continent  North  of  tiie  (nilf  of 
.Mexico  liecauie  the  I'liited  State-  of  America,  and 
the  North  half  the  abode  ,d'  the  Dritish,  wiiile  the 
wh(de  remained  vested  in  the  -anie  family,  contirm- 
iiig  the  claim  of  tiie  di-eoverers  tiiat  the  mainland  of 

112 


WASIIIXGTOX   AS  A  BRITISH  OFFICER 

tlio  continent  riplitfully  ])olonp;e(]  to  the  British  and 
their  dcseendant.s.  At  tliis  moment,  in  all  parts  of 
Europe,  Asia,  Africa  and  America,  the  memhers  of 
this  family  are  working  honestly  together  for  tlie  de- 
velopment of  the  greatest  enlightenment  attainable, 
with  all  civilizing  inlluences  at  their  command,  and 
with  intermarriages  solidifying  this  wonderful  un- 
written compact. 


1 1  •■) 


THE  DU(  IIKSS  OF  RICILMOXD'S  BALL 


MEMO    OF    AS    IXCIDKXT    IX    THE    AUTUMX    OF     1()()() 


I 

i  I. 


THE  rashness  of  Xapolcc.u  in  1S12,  l»,v  which  his 
retreat  from  Moscow  hecanie  inevitable,  was  a 
hhinder  of  ineah-uhihle  niagnitnde.  This,  with  his 
swift  overt lirow  and  hanishment,  his  Iim-iniious  escape, 
his  triumphant  return  to  Paris,  and  liasty  elevation 
to  the  imperial  purple,  surrounded  '  _  his  old  <i-eneral- 
and  an  army  of  ;;()(),00()  ,,f  the  ilower  of  tiie  French 
people,  to<;eth(>r  with  his  hurried  advance  into  Ikd- 
^iinm,  have  heeii  ace>untcil  as  tin-  most  startling;-  in- 
cident- in  niodein  history. 

The  Duke  of  Wclliuiitoii,  commaiuier  in  chief  of 
the  allied  armic-.  had  foi-  months  nuide  his  headipiar- 
(<r-  at  the  tine  old  city  of  P.russels.  Here  the  no- 
liility,  with  their  ^^Mt  wealth,  from  F.ritain  and 
(iermany  Hocked  for  adventure,  pleasure  and  social 
intercourse. 

For  week-  one  of  the  leaders  of  t'a-iiion,  the  Duch- 
ess of  Kichnioiid.  had  invitations  ;icceplcd  for  a  iirand 
I'al!  to  take  place  on  the  l.")t!i  of  dune,  IM,".,  ati 
event  made  inmiort  i!  hy  the  thrillini:  liue<  of  iJvron, 
the  graphic  a, 'count   hy  Charle-  Lever,  a-  well  a-  the 

lU 


THE    DUCHESS    OF    KICiniOND'S    BALL 

interesting   story   of  it    by   Thackeray    in   "  Vanity 
Fair." 

Xapoleon  left  Paris  at  daybreak  on  tlie  nioruinc 
of  the  li^th  of  June,  lSir>,  on  iiis  way  to  Brussels 
with  an  army  of  1«)0,()(»().  It  was  10  A.  M.  of  the 
ir.th  wlu'n  courier  witli  the  information  readied 
AVellino-ton  at  I5russels.  AVithin  thirty  minnti's  the 
P'lierals  of  th(>  allied  arinie-^  were  directed  to  hold 
themselves  in  readiness  to  march  at  any  moment. 
Other  couriers  were  expected  homdy  with  informa- 
tion as  to  the  route  by  which  Xapcdeon  was  advanc- 
ing' into  iJelfiium. 

In  the  meantime  many  were  anxious  to  put  otf  the 
l>;dl  to  fake   jihice  that   evening-.     Wellinuton,   how- 
ever,  refused  thi<,  as  it  minht  cause  panic  and  «li- 
courafremeiit.     The  whole  city  was  soon  ablaze  with 
liui'ri(>d    pre|)arafions,   bands    j)layin«:-,   army    wauons 
movinu-  from  point  to  point,  artillery,  infantry,  cav- 
alry, all  lining  the  thoron<.hfj,,-es,  prepariui--  for  the 
expected  march.      At    11    l\    M.    \V,.lliiiot,ni   entered 
till'  ballroom,  but  after  a  promenade  with  the  Duch- 
ess of  Richmond,  took  his  leave  al>out  midm>lit.     At 
i'  \.  M.  of  the  mornin-i-  of  the  KUh  the  wlude  army 
was  in  motion,  on  its  way  to  (^uatre-Hras.    At  l'  P.M. 
<»f  the    same   day   they    met    the    I'lvncli,    and    there 
tor  the  tirst  time  the  two  ^reat  fr,>nerals  came  in  sipht 
of  each  other  on  (h,.  battlctlebJ—Xapol,,,,,,  impuMve, 
•  lashiiifr,  reckless;  \Velli„ot,,n,  coo],  deljb.'rate,  coura- 
freoiis,  secure  in  all  hi-  movement^;  the  former  with 

115 


> 


f  ' 


THE  DFCHESS  OF  RICILAIOXD'S  BALL 

tl.c  prostip-o  c.f  victory  gained  over  the  Prussians  at 
Lipny  the  day  before,  with  great  numerical  strength, 
aiul  hghtmg  for  j.ersenal  existence;  the  latter,  per- 
haps,  the   greatest   niilitar.'  gc^nius   of  that   or  anv 
other  age,   with   no  personal  purpose  to  serv<>    but 
knowing  that    the  eyes   of  the  indomitable   IJritisl. 
^vore   upon  hiui,  grasped  the  situation  at  a  glance 
the  result  being  a  signal  victory  for  the  alli,.d  armies.' 
Ihat   night,    to   gain    better    position,    the    Duke 
moved  north  four  miles  to  the  field  of  Waterloo.   The 
whole  of  the  17th  was  occuj)ied  in  preparing  for  the 
<'oming  onslaught  of  the  Fn.nch,  as  upon  the  suc- 
cess of  their  etfort  depended  the  continuation  of  the 
Fmpn-e.     The    Chateau    of   Hoiigomont   was    trans- 
formed into  a  temi .-y  fortification  by  AVellinu-fon. 

Hundreds   of   umi  >   busy  erecting  strong   plat- 

forms, high  enough  arcnnd  the  inside  of  the  bri.-k 
walls  of  the  buildings  and  yards,  on  which  men  might 
^tand,  and  from  whi,'h  the  enemy  .)utside  would  come 
within  easy  range.    This  stroke  of  generalshi,.,  added 
to  the  maintenance  of  unbroken  squares  outside  the 
pates  of  the  chateau,  did  much  to  gain  the  great  vic- 
tory at  AVat(  rloo  on  Sunday,  the  LSth  of  Juno,  1815. 
The  historic  (Plateau  of  Hougomont  has  gone  into 
•hcay,  but  the  old  red-brick  walls  are  standiuir  now. 
In  tlicni  arc  tl.ousamls  of  bullet  marks  and  scores  of 
Frcncli  bullets  still  imbe.lded. 

My  gui.lc,  granddaugliter  of  the  famous  Corporal 
Cotton,  who  was  at  the  battle  an.l  wroto  the  history 

JIG 


THE    DUCHESS    OF    RICIIMOXD'S    BALL 

of  it,  told  iii(>  that  at  a  distance  the  Fiviu-li  mistook 
the  red  walls  for  the  red  coats  of  the  British,  thereby 
exhaustiiiji'  their  ammunition,  while  the  allied  army 
on  the  iilatforms  behind  the  wall  shot  over  the  top 
of  it,  and  .lid  effective  service. 

For  two  days  I  had  made  careful  personal  exami- 
nation of  the  position  of  both  annies,  and  had  noted 
the  situation  from  time  to  time  of  Wellington  and 
Napoleon;  but  the  information  appeared  incomplete 
witliout  searching  out  the  very  rooms  in  which  the 
celebrated    ball    of  the   Duchess   of  Kicliniond   had 
taken  jilace.     Four  days  before,  Avhile  at  Brussels,  I 
had  failed  iii  this.     Xow  I  retununl  again,  but  found 
no  one  at  tlie  hotel  or  public  buildings  to  give  the 
needed  iiifnnniition.     At  last,  through  the  aid  of  an 
experienced  guide.  I  was  taken  to  an  old  book  store; 
obtaining  a  dew  there,   I  drove  at  once  in  the  direc- 
tion indicaii'd.     1  found  the  quaint  old  building  now 
owned  and  occu])ied  by  the  White  Sisters,  an  orcU'r  (.f 
-N'una.      I  li.'ul  been  .'old  before,  and  now  again  was 
wameil  by  my  gui(i(>  :ind  driver,  that  the  ociipants 
were  very  guarded  against  notoriety,  that  it  woidd  be 
quite  imiM.ssil)le  to  gain  an  entrance.     However,  as 
riy  motives  were  only  of  the  most  friendly  an<l   re- 
spectful kind,   1,  with  some  hesitation,  rang  the  bell. 
It  was  answered  by  one  of  the  younger  memixTs  of  the 
Order,  witli  lu>r  head  and  shoulders  robed  in  white.  \[ 
"iK-e,  in  (litlideiit  and  liesitating  terms,  I  made  known 
that  1  was  a  tourist  having  just  returne<i  from  the  far 

117 


THE  DUCHESS  OF  KICHMOA^D'S  BALL 

east,  and  would  doom  it  a  -roat  favor  if  i)ermitted  to 
look  into  the  room  where  the  Duchess  of  Richmond's 
ball  had  taken  place.    A  stern  expression  at  once  came 
over     her     face.       The     reply,     in     clear     English, 
was:    "It    is   quite   impossible ;   it    is   not   allowed."' 
r  felt,  and  no  doubt  looked,  crestfallen,  and  again 
^aid  I  had  gone  around  the  globe,  and  had  passed 
through  many  religious  and  charitable  houses  in  the 
Kast  as  well  as  at  Rome;  that  the  greatest  kindne.s 
i'ad  been  extende<l  to  mo,  as,  indeed,  to  all  tourists 
where  nothing  but  frion<lly  informaiiou  was  sought 
b>r.    That  I  had  returned  from  the  tield  of  Waterloo 
the  day  lud'ore  chiefly  to  s.vkout  the  spot  and  i^ain  this 
pnvdcge,  all  of  ^vhieh  woui.l  much  enhance  the  .li>- 
appointmenr  a  refusal   at  iliis  moment  would  cause. 
Slio  remained  silent  and   motionless  but  a  moment 
when  sh,.  said:  -  I   will  call  the  Superior."    I  was  at 
once  confronted  by  one  of  the  finest  faces  it  had  ev<.r 
been  my  good  fortun.-  to  ui.vt.     She  was  perhaps  rifiv 
years  of  age,  but  .-h-ar,  bright,  ati.l  in  a  modest  wav 
<pMte  commanding.    The  younger  Sist.-r  had  in  forme'd 
hor  of  my  wishes.     1  howe.l  slightly  and  rais.^l  mv 
liat,  but  made  no  remark.     Sii..  at  once  said:  -  Voi, 
are  a  straug..r.  and,  beln.ve  me,  I  regret  to  nduse  vour 
'••■quest,  but  it  cannot  be."     I  again  n.peated  a'part 
otmyapiK.al.  andadd..d:  "  it  is  a  charitable  Order. 
I  would  eoutiibute  to  that  purpose."     The  reply  was: 
"X<.,  that  wonld  not  have  any  etFeet ;  I  rrgret  it  can- 
not  be."      The   younger    \nu    .1 [    Lehin,!    tl,e   S„- 

116 


THE    DUCHESS    OF    KICIIMOXDVS    BALL 

porior;  lior  face  and  kindly  manner  scorned  to  en- 
(•onraj.'(>  mc,  but  when  refused  tlie  second  time   l.v 
the  Superior,   I  raised  my   nat,  and  turned   slowlv 
and    reluctantly    away.     AVhen    only    a    few    steps 
froni   the   door   a   g-entle   rapping   attracted   my   at- 
tention.    Upon    turninj,^   round,    the    Superior,  \vit1i 
The    -weetesr    manner    and    voice,    said:    "This    i< 
your    friend"    (referrini>-    to    the    younger    SisteiO, 
"you  can  come  in."     It  was  a  small  affair  in  some 
ways,    hut    the   most   graciously   granted   and    mo<t 
thankfully  accepte.l.     They  renuirked  that  much  of 
'he  ))]ace  had  heeu  Imilt  ..ver.  hut  the  hallrooni  re- 
mained unchanged.     We  quickly  entered  the  historh- 
:'partuieut.     It  has  a  high  ceiling,  and  is  al)out  thirfv 
l.y  forty  feet  in  size.    To  the  left  of  the  gi-eat  open  fire- 
phice  stood  the  chair  in  which  the  Duke  sat  .luring 
his  visit  there.     About  ten  feet  from  the  right  sid.' 
of  the  fireplace  is  a  Fren<'h  window,  leading  out  U{>on 
a  veranda  overl.x.king  what  was  then  a  Howcr  -.-ar- 
den.     Th,>re  is  a  large  table  standing  the  longvr  wav 
of  the   r..om,   which   has   Un-  nuniy  years  been  the 
worktahlc  of  the  Sisters. 

I  was  mueii  struck  with  the  earnest,  pure  and  lofty 
purposes  of  the  charity  workers,  and  after  a  few  mi.i- 
utes  of  i)leasant  c.nversation  and  returning  mv  heart- 
felt thanks,  1  took  leave  „f  this  most  intrre^ting 
abode. 


11!> 


I 


THE    XISSOURI    TRAGEDY 

Speoch  of  Mr.  Davi,!  Class,  Counsel  in  Defense  of  Covle  CharRed 
with  Murder,  as  I>ul)lishod  at  the  Time- Verdict!  \.>t  (iuilty. 
Deliverefl  in  Court  House,  London,  Canada,  the  IGth  of  De- 
ceinlxT.  1S7J. 

"  MdiJ  II  I'lva.^r  Yoiiy  Lonfship— 

"Ge.xti.kmkx   „k   tjik   Jluy:    I   appear  in   dp- 
fcnso  ot  the  prison.T  (^)ylo.    Uo  stand.,  as  you  know, 
''liiiriiv.l  l,v  iii.lictiiu'nt  with  the  crime  of  murder.      I 
.^liali  end(>av(>r  to  p.uut  out  to  you  liow  eonsistent  the 
(nidence  is  with  his  entire  inneeenee,  although  it  is 
no^  part  ..f  liis  duty  to  prove   his   innoeence,  for  ho 
IS  innocent,  aecordinj?  to  law,  until  his  gnilt  is  fullv 
proven.      f.Mr.   (Jh.ss  h,.re  read,  from  a  hook  on  cir- 
cnmstaniial  evidence,  the  famous  (V,]ennin  case,  and 
others,    to   sliow   how  some    had   sutfered   death   for 
orimes  with  which  they  l,ad  I.een  .'harged,  although 
P'Ttectly  innocent.]      The  prisoner  is  charged  with 
•'  •■'•ii'ie  wldch  in  all  ages  of  the  world  has' I.een  re- 
g.'ird.d  a<  nuv  of  tlic  highest,  if  not  the  verv  hi-hest, 
"f  uhich  man  can  he  guilty,      ir.'nr,.,  the',.n.found 
solemnity  which  attaches  to  a  trial  likr  the  present. 
Solemn  an.l  re<ponsihh>  for  my  lor.l  upon  the  bench; 
••'nie>t,   thonghtfnl   and  responsihle  tor  me,  but  all 
combined    can    in    no   deirre(>    weigh    wit],    the    pro- 

120 


V, 


THE    XISSOURI    TRAGEDY 

f.nmdlysolonm  an<l  responsible  position  in  whioli  vou 
are  placed      Ihe  court  may  err,  I  n.ay  fall  greatly 
short  of  what  I  should  do,  through  want  of  f^rce  in 
bringing  the  case  before  you,  through  want  of  skill 
defect  of  memory,  or  otherwise,  but  all  these  short- 
comings will  avail  nothing,  if  you  do  not  fail  in  the 
discharge  of  your  duty.   Gentlemen  of  the  jurv,  what 
s  that  duty?     ^0  doubt,  his  lordship  will  define  it 
to  you.     At  this  moment,  however,  in  order  to  pre- 
pare your  minds  for  a  brief  exposition  of  the  case 
upon  the   evidence,   I   draw  your  attention   to   the 
words  of  a  learned   author  on  this  subject.      [  ^^r 
Glass    read    from    -  Starkie    on    Evidence."]     You 
tlierefore,  see,  gentlemen,  .>ou  are  to  act  within  cer- 
tain ..rescribed  rules.     You  are  to  well  and  trulv  try 
and  a  true  deliverance  make,  according  to  thJ  evi- 
<  once,  so  help  you  God.     You  are  all-powerful,  but 
that  power  implies  great  responsibilitv,  that  vou  will 
east  from  you  the  shackles  of  public  opinion,  of  popu- 
'=»•  prejudice,  and  with  minds  free  and  unbiassed   un- 
^P<.tte<l  as  a  sheet  of  pure  white  paper,  be  prepared 
to    receive    impressions    from   ,vlu,t   ap,)ears    in  evi- 
dence  before  y.u,  and   from   this  alone.     You  say 
in  your  h,-arts  that  thi.  shall  be  your  case.     But  will 
•t  ho  i    All  claim  to  be  free  from  the  effects  of  public 
I>re.iud,ce,  but  who  can  withstand  that  strange  cur- 
nnt,  whi.-h  seems  to  sweep  away  all  in  its  pathway? 
Ard  vet  this  ti<le,  when  passion  or  preji.di.r  are  its 
promoters,  is  quite  as  likely  to  be  wrong  as  right— 

121 


1*1 


■m 


t 


THE  xLssoriji  tragedy 

iill  liistory  proves  it.     Dnrijig  thit  Middle  Ages,  all 
men  believed  in  witclienift.     The  tide  swept  over'tli.. 
whole  continent  of  Europe,  the  stream  bearing  everv- 
thing  before  it.     All  men  stood  aghast  at  the  dread- 
ful something,  understood,  as  they  firmly  believed, 
but  yet  .lot  imderst..od  at  all.     The  King,'  Lords  an.l 
Commons  were  its  slaves,  the  sacerdotal  office  gave 
holy  sanction  to  it,  the  learned  of  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge were  its  votaries,  the  wise  and  good  Sir  Mat- 
thew Hale,  bearing  the  insigina  and  robes  of  justice, 
sat  and  delivered  judgment   and  sentence  of  deatli 
upon  those  found  guilty  of  witchcraft.    All  this  com- 
bined wis,|,,m  thought  they  were  not  and  w<.uld  not 
be  swayed  by  public  opinion,  and  yet  gav<>  daily  ex- 
junples  of  their  complete  serfdom  to  this  myth,  which 
was  the  creature  of  prejudice.     Thousands'  came  vol- 
untarily forward  and  confessed  that  they  were  witches 
and  wer(>  sentenced  to  be,  and  were,  in  fact,  burned 
filive.     Ten  thousand  fires  blazed  all  over  the  civil- 
ized world,  lighted  to  appease  popular  prejudice.     It 
was  n..r   until   the   middle  of  the   sixteenth  century 
that  any  man  with  sufficient  courage  could  be  foimd 
to  raise  his  voice  against  this  delusion.     Fltimately, 
light  bn.ke  upon  the  world,  the  light  of  reason  was 
allowed  t(.   1)0  enfhr<.n(>d   in  the  place  of  prejudice; 
and  now  all  are  as  firm  disbelievers  as  thev  were  then 
believers.     This  is  an   illustration  of  how  dangerous 
It  is  to  be  l.'d  away  by   public  opinien,  and  vet  how 
<lifheult   it   is   to   resist    it.      Hut,  gentlemen,'  it   is   a 

1-2  2 


I 


THE  :n^issouei  tragedy 

polcmn  tliinp-  to  do;  it  is  an  awful  position  to  bo  in,  to 
take  an  oath  to  try  a  case  according:  to  the  evidence, 
and  yet  to  allow  a  former  jirejudice  or  some  per- 
son's opinion  to  step  in  and  do  that  which  according 
to  your  clear  duty  should  he  done  upon  the  evidence 
alone.     You,  gentlemen,  have  been  selected  from  the 
whole  panel  because  of  your  peculiar  suitableness  in 
point  of  intelligence  to  try  this  case.    I  feel,  no  doubt, 
that  you  are  unbiased,  impartial,  upright  men,  well 
ignited  to  sit  in  judgincnt  in  a  case  like  the  present; 
the  watchfulness,  the  close  attention,  the  deep  inter- 
est evinced  by  you  make  it  manifest  that  your  verdict 
will  be  the  result  of  honest  conclusions,  based  upon 
the  evidence.    This  much  I  have  thought  it  my  duty 
to  say,  in  justice  to  you  as  well  as  the  accused,  for  if 
your  verdict  should  be  founded  upon  what  others 
tlnnk,   or  your  own   prejudice,   a   doubt   must   and 
would  always  rest  u})on  your  minds,  and  a  life  of 
remorse  would  follow.     Others,  who  bear  no  respon- 
sibility, can  easily  tender  cheap  advice  and  can  well 
afford  to  give  vent  to  their  prejudices,  their  hurried 
conclusions.     ]]ut,  gentlemen,  upon  you  must  the  re- 
sponsibility rest  foreN-er.     According  to  a  beneficent 
provision  of  ]Jritish  justice,  all  men  are  in  the  eye 
of  the  law  considered  innocent  until  they  are  proved 
to  be  guilty.     The  uprightness  of  our  manhood  is  thus 
vindicated;  all  men  stand  before  their  fellows  with 
this  just  j)rovision  in  their  favor.      [^Mr.  Glass  read 
from  a  book  on  criminal  evidence.]     You  will  there- 

123 


I 


\  I 


THE  xissorni  tragedy 

fore  see  how  conii)Iot<'Iy  the  liege  subjects  of  the 
realm  are  surrounded  by  these  merciful  provisions; 
they  are  not  merely  in  name,  not  brought  up  to  mis- 
lead, but  are  cardinal  j)rinciph's  of  our  law,  as  nec- 
essary to  be  understood  and  acted  upon  as  trial  \,y 
jury,     'j'his  presumption  of  innocence  stands  i;p  to 
shield  us  from  injury,  and  un^il  that  presumption  is 
removed,  condenmation  cannot  take  i)lace.    The  pris- 
oner is  to  have  the  benefit  of  every  reasonable  doubt; 
that  is,  if  your  mind  i.s  poised  as  to  who  really  did 
conmiit  the  murder.     If  you  think  it  might  have  been 
done  by  some  other  than  Coyle,  and  that  he  may,  in 
fact,  have  had  n(jthiMg  to  do  with  it,  these  are  all 
what  pre  called  reasonable  doubts;  it  is  a  i)art  of  your 
sworn  duty  to  give  the  i)risoner  the  benefit  of  tJiem, 
and  if  they  are  in  your  mind,  to  acquit  '  nn.     Do  not 
create  a  doubt  in  order  to  set  this  mai,  '  -it.  as 

you  value  your  own  future  safety  and  happim 
ware  how  you  disi)el  from  your  mhids  and  liearl.  ,.ii 
honest  doubt.  If  one  arises,  it  is  the  jirisoner's  right 
to  have  lin-  ..dl  benerir  of  it;  rcnieiubL'ring  also  thai 
a  wise  judge,  a  fath<>r  in  our  courts,  has  laid  it  down 
as  a  princii)l(>  that  it  is  U^ttcr  that  ten  guiltv  men 
should  go  free  than  that  one  innocent  man  "should 
perish.  When  the  paltry  consideration  of  dollars  and 
rents  are  at  stake,  jurors  can  aiford  to  cavil  and  ac- 
eommodate  each  other,  but  this  is  not  the  case  when 
dealing  with  the  (Jod-givcn  princii)le  of  life.  A 
weapon   when  once  driven    in,  even  the  sacrifice  of 

12i 


THE    NISSOURI    TRAGEDY 

your  own  life  could  not  pluck  it  out  again.     Where 
is  the  truths    This  is  a  question  I  have  asked  nivself 
in  the  busv  streets  and  in  the  solitary  hours  of  the 
nipht;  it  is  what  we  are  in  search  of  now;  to  find  it 
and  pivc  effect  to  it  are  the  purposes  of  courts  of  law. 
A\  ith  this  in  vi(.w,  let  us  look  at  the  prisoner,  and  the 
circumstances  surrounding  this  ease:  He  is  nineteen 
years    of    afje,    weii-hino    one    hundred    and    ;hirty 
pounds;  five  ioet  -ix  inches  in  height;  an  open  coun- 
tenance, with  full  eye,  regular,  well-formed  features, 
altogether  a  ph-asing,  agreeable  appearance;  talk  to' 
him  and  you  will  find  him  frank,  open,  honest  and  ap- 
parently truthful:  not  volatile,  wavward  or  passion- 
ate, but  (luiet,  sober  and  candid;  these  are  the  impres- 
sions which  all  form  who  converse  anv  time  with  him- 
his  api,earance  is  in  his  favor,  as  well  as  his  conver- 
sation; and,  what  is  better,  everv  word  of  evidence 
on  the  subject  goes  to  show  the  truthfulness  of  these 
favorable  impressions;  an  industrious,  hard-working 
boy,  not  associated  with  low  or  idle  company,  no 
.i.wieever  laid  to  his  charge;  he  has  not  onlv  the  pre- 
sumption of  innocence  in  his  favor,  but  his  appear- 
ance, his  conversation,  and,  what  is  more,  the  evidence 
preponderating  strongly  in  his  favor.    Passing  from 
the  outline  of  the  case,  the  appearance  and  character 
ot  the  prisoner,  let  us  proceed  at  once  to  investigate 
the  proofs.    Now,  what  are  they  ?    George  Can^pbell 
was  found  dead  on  the  morning  of  the  15th  of  July 
18 il,  at  about  two  o'clock;  when  daylight  came    a 

125 


I 


i 


THE    XlSSOnil    TKAGEDY 

]»i-t<>l  was  fouiul  at  lii-  licdsidc,  loadcil  with  a  picco 
di"  lead  and  wadded  with  a  leat;  wlictlicr  the  pi-tul 
had  cvi'i-  been  usc(l  in  any  way  or  not  it  is  impossible 
to  tcdl;  it  ccrtaiidy  was  not  the  instninuMit  of  death; 
a  pistol  like  that  had  liei'H  sold  by  Tayiov  c\:  Free- 
laaii,  of  St.  Mary's,  uii  tiie  Saturday  evenini>'  ])rior  to 
the  inurder;  C'oyle  was  in  St.  Mary's  on  that  evening, 
as  many  Inindreds  of  otiiers  were;  anionii~t  them  wero 
McTntyre  and  ISrimicomlie,  as  far  fnun  tlieir  homes 
as  Coyie  was;  the  p<Tsoii  who  bought  the  i)i>tol  had 
a  hat  on  .-innlar  to  the  one  that  was  worn  l)y  C'oyle. 
This  is  not  at  all  nnn  .al.  It  i<  a  (•hea[),  useful  and 
durable  hat,  generally  worn  by  all  who  work  exposed 
to  tlte  stm  dui'Jiji-  the  summer  months;  so  that,  no 
doubt,  on  the  July  evening  in  <piestion,  many  thou- 
:-ands  had  on  similar  hats  in  an  1  aronml  St.  Mai'v's. 
'The  person  who  bought  the  ])istol  was  ditferent  alto- 
sj^cther  froni  Covie.  He  v,  ■  twenty  to  twenty-l  e 
years  of  ag(>,  stouter  ;  of  a  light  eomph'xion,  and 
Wore  ii  long  linen  coat.  A  light  romph'xion  iinpHe< 
bght  hair,  light  eyes,  and  bright,  fair  -kin;  as  (bl- 
fen'ut  from  a  dark couiplexioned  man  a>  darkne-- 
is  from  daylight.  These  ditl"renee-  in  complexifin 
are  well  kii  wn  to  yon,  gtntlenien.  lle-idi's  the  lii:lit 
and  <hirk  eomjtlexioni  c|  <'bi  -es.  there  i-  a  large  mid- 
("'  idass,  who  repre-vtil  a  nnxture  bit  ween  the  two. 
I)ni,  the  comph'xion  of  the  man  who  lionoht  the  pi-tol 
was  so  marked  a-  Vi  rivet  attention,  evm  njion  an 
interview  uf  a  !''W  moments.     ( 'oylc  i-  a  good  lypi'  ot 

l-'G 


TJIE    XISSOURI    TRAGEDY 

,i<l:irk-oomploxiono(]  iDan;  j('t-l)lack  liair, tliickjiravv, 
black  oycl.rows,  hlaok  eye-  and  dark  skin;  a  nuirkod, 
indoi'd  a  strikini<-,  typo  of  what  is  kn^wn  in  ovcrv- 
•  lay  litV  as  a  dark-('om{)loxi()i;.'d  man.     Coylc  never 
liad  a  liiKMi  eoat   and  on  the  evening-  in  question  woro 
a  .-hort  iivay  (-(.at.     This  is  the  evich-nce  on  Indialf  of 
tli(<  erown.     Tliey  prove  th(>niselves  out  of  eonrt.  aiut 
then  by  ni(>ans  repuauant  to  fairness  and  justice  thev 
try  to  bolster  uj)  a  <-ase  whereby  tliey  niay  get  back 
into  court  again.     iJepugniunt  to  ju<ti''e  and  hunian- 
iry  were  the  moral  tortures  to  which  this  man   has 
been    subjected.      ]t   is   said:  •  r,ut   if  he   is  guilty, 
e\cry  means  should  be  emjijoyed  to  tind  "Ut  the  i;uilr. 
riiilir  (u-  wrong:.'    This  was  the  argument  used  to  jus- 
tify the  use  of  the  crimps,  the  thumbscrews  and  the 
rack.      Thi-;  is  wiiy  ci-MhTico  was  given  to  the  witch, 
tlic    -oofhsaycr  and    the    diviner.      Tliis   is   whv   thi' 
l)o<)ks  are  full  of  ihotisand^  who  have  died  iniiocenth . 
because  of  the  means  em|)h)yed  to  compass  their  de- 
-tru<'(;n|i.     .\  suspie;,,n  once  arouse. 1.  and  tlieti  '  ii'ith's 
hiiiit   as  air  are  eoMlirnuit ion  stroii-:-  as   Ibdv   Writ.' 
Hnt,   tiiaiils   (lod,   we  live   in  a   ditTeretit   age,  an  ai:e 
when  rea-en  in  its  majesty  ami  [lower -tands  forward 
to  rebuke  an  age  ot  prejudice  and  pa— i<ui.     .Ml  uien 
are    now    e(.n-i(|er(  d    iniKx'eiit     until    their    guilt     Is 
proven,     ihit   in  this  (Coyle'-)  cast,  we  arc  siippo^'d 
'"   pervert    the   law,    and   tir-t    to   pre-ume   hi^  fiui\\. 
l-".ven  the  jii.lieiarv  ,,f  the  coi-iitry  have  taken  ollici;il 
notice  of  tiiH,      Ili^   Lor.Miip,    .Mr.  Justice  (Jwyune, 

1J7 


f 


TITE    XTSSOT^ra    TKACJEDY 

in  his  cliar-ic  to  tlio  erand  jury  at  tlio  fall  a-^sizcs  of 
last  v.'ar,  in  this  (•()uvtli..iise,  severely  eor.deinned  the 
treatiiicur  of  the  ]irisoiier,  and  said  '  it  was  con' vary 
to  Jiritish  practiee  and  P.riti^h  fair  play.'     Wh     ean 
ho  safe  for  .1  moment  if  a  siis])i('inn  is  (•■ist  npon  him 
and  then  ^h'ixixvd  lu-iht  and  day,  and  every  act,  word 
;iiid   uv^tnre  eonstrned   into  .vidence   of  i>nilt  <      He 
who  se(k<  for  sonH'thin«i-  i-^  anxions  to  find  it;  he  wlio 
■^eeks    lor  proofs   of  gnilt   is   anxious  to  tind    them. 
Hence,   the  overdrawn  int.'rpretathm   imt  upon   any 
,.iiriim>tanccs  l.y  the  <leteetivo  or  the  -^py,  and  this  is 
whv  -uch   evhlenee   is  most    nnrdialtle.      |  Mr.   (lla^s 
read  from  Taylor  on  Kvi.K'nce.  |      A  man  was  found 
to  .-rou.li  hims.'lf  down  eh.^e  to  a  wall   and  try   t(. 
ciitch  >omc  word  thai  mii^ht  fall  upon  hi^  ear  or  im- 
jitiine  >omo  w..rd,  t..  <lo  what  '.  To  take  the  life  of  thi< 
man.      1    miiiht   dwell    hmii    an«l   scv.rely    upon    thi-^ 
con.lnrl;  1  will  not,  hut  .Mrtainly  this  i>  a  .h'l>ase<l,  a 
cruel  act.  for  any  man  to  lend  him-elt"  to.     Tin-  wa? 
the  evcniuL'  prior  to  the  execution  of   Mv^.  Camphell 
for  the  nnirder  of  her   hu-hand,   (ieoruv   Camphell. 
'I'he  sauie  erinn-  Coyle  i-  !U)W  \>v\n>j:  trie<l  for.     'Unit 
she  .lid  <'omuut  the  murder  there  now  >eem-  to  hv  no 
doulit.   and  the  only  (pi<-tiou   i-,  had   -he  anv  assist 
;iiice   in    the   commi->ioii    of   thi-   awfid    Iraiie.ly;    or 
what  motive  had   -hr  for  killing  her  hu-hand  ^      The 
only    motives    aitpearinij  upon    the   (  videnci-   art>   tie 
hearthurnini:s    and    hitternr-s    whii-h    aro-c    idiout    a 
live  liunilred  liojlar    tiole    wliieh    ohi     .Mr.    Camliliell 

lli8 


THE    MISSOURI    TPAGEDY 


fiwcd  to  (!eori;o,  and  the  disrovcrv  l>y  hor,  as  slie  ^aid, 
of  the  eriniinal  iiitereourse  between  her  Inishaiid  and 
^Nfr.s.  John  MeAVain.  It  appears  that  ai'ter  (letir^o 
p-ot  married  and  went  out  from  his  father's  lionse, 
the  ohl  man  owed  him  $.">()()— it  matters  not  liow  that 
eam(>  ahout — the  $500  was  then  owed  to  the  de- 
eea-ed  (ieorpc^  Campbell  by  his  father;  the  father 
pave  a  note  for  this  at  a  lonp  (hite,  but  the  note  was 
not  made  to  order  or  to  bearer,  for  the  express  rea- 
son that  if  anything  ha})j)ened  to  (Jeorge,  his  wife 
and  family  should  not  pet  the  benefit  of  it.  I'pon 
this  Mrs.  ('am]>l»ell  pave  vent  ro  violent  passion.  Old 
.Mr.  Campbell  say-  her  passion^  were  somethinp 
dreadful;  she  became  (piite  wild  with  rape;  she  eoidd 
be  heard  forty  rocls  from  the  house;  this  is  the  wav 
she  acted  when  liviiip  with  him;  therefore,  althouph 
she  miplit  never  <'xpect  to  pet  (Hie  cent  of  the  .tfiltO. 
the  mere  fact  of  makinp  her  an  exception,  and  pre- 
nieditatinp,  as  she  tiioupht,  a  wroiip  to  her.  wa-  an 
insult  she  could  not  endure,  (leorpe,  at  her  instance, 
no  doulit,  took  advice  of  a  lawver  at  St.  .Marv's  and 
found  from  that  adv-  •  that,  i\ot withstandinp  the  pre- 
eautinu  dt'  the  old  man,  in  the  event  i-f  (Jci.riic  d\i!i:: 
hi>  family  could  collect  the  note.  'I'his,  old  Mr. 
(ampbell  discovered,  anil  set  aixuit  pettinp  iic  n'it(> 
out  (d"  his  son  (Jeorpe's  hands,  and,  sti-amic  to  >av,  a 
few  weeks  j)rior  to  the  murder,  he  did  pet  the  imte 
away  from  (Jeorpe  upon  the  promise  of  a  liorM'  and 
cow.     AVhate\er  Mrs.  ( 'aiiipludrs  exa>piration  mipht 

129 


/ 


f 

II 


THE    XISSOUFJ    TKAGEDY 

liave  boon  at  old  'Mr.  Campboirs  provions  oondiict, 
and  the  williiia  dnnc  lici-  Inishand  a}!|)ears  to  have 
liccu — this  last         ,  no  doubt,  completely  maddened 
her — it  may  be  argeil  that  this  is  not  a  suiftcient  mo- 
tivp.      It  micht  not  be  f(M*  one  out  of  a  hundred 
tiiousand  nuMi  or  \v(tmen,  and  yet  one  out  of  a  million 
has  l)e('u  foumi  to  whom  the  motive  was  sufficient. 
Voii  must  remcuiber  that  we  are  all  differently  con- 
stituted; there  are  no  two  beinprs  in  all  nature  alike; 
no  two  heads,  no  two  hearts  of  the  1,0()0,()0(),00(),  all 
made  in  the  iuuiiie  of  (rod,  yet  no  two  faces  alike. 
What  would  siid-c  deep  into  the  soid  of  one  man,  falls 
upon  another  lik(^  a  senseless  clod.     Old  Mr.  Camp- 
b(dl  and  his  dauiihrcr  both  jirove  that  the  note  had 
been  given  uj)  sevei'al  weeks  bet'oi'c,  and  do  you  think 
^[rs    C;nnplwll  did  not  know  about  it,  did  not  know 
aliont  thi<  $.'(00.  which  was  all  on  earth  to  them;  they 
in   their  lonely  cabin   hail  not   much   to  talk  about; 
this  was  the  chief  pai't.  if  not  all  their  earthly  goods, 
and  day  bv  day  their  thoughts  ttirned  to  it;  what  rest- 
eth   iu  the  heart   cMincth   often   to  the   li|)s;    it   was   n 
genera!    topic    of    eonvtivation ;    mM    Mr.    f'ampbell 
proves,  and  so  does  his  dauLihie!-.  tli;ir  the  giving  up 
of  that  note  wa-;  to  lie  <trietly  private  (the  chief  infer- 
ence being  that  ouini:-  to  the  talk  theic  Mrs.  ('ani{>- 
bell  thnv  into  a  ]ia-~ion);  she  was  to  be  kept  in  th<^ 
dark  until  the  *otM)  note  was  handed  over  for  a  prom- 
ise of  a  hoi'-e  and  a  cow  ;  vc<,  it  was  kejit   in  the  dark 
until   their  all  was  .-urnndcrcd.      Hut    couM  >uch  a 

130 


THE    ^'ISSOURI   TRAGEDY 


thini^  he  kept  in  tlic  dark  from  Plioebo  Campbell? 
This  marv(>loiis  woman,  altliou<>h  dwelling'  within  the 
walls  of  that  log  eal)in,  was  one  of  thr  prodigies  of 
the  nineteenth  century;  she  will  occupy  a  niche  in 
the  history  of  this  country  as  having  enacted  one  of 
the  greatest  tragedies  of  her  age;  it  was  from  her 
that  old  Mr.  Camjjbell  and  his  son  George  were  to 
keep  this  secret  about  the  note;  she  was  to  be  kept 
iii  the  dark;  she  with  her  strong  u'asculine  w"l!  but 
do  you  think  she  was  ^     You   auswcn-  'no,'  because 
the  woman's  physical   and   mcnital   jxnver.s  made  her 
a  master  sjiirit.     The  counsel  for  the  crown  in  the 
trial  of  Pho;d>e  Cainplxdl  said  that  the  jury  miight 
tliink  the  amount  at  stake  a  small  one  to  induce  such 
a  crime,  but  tliat  a  murder  had  bc(  u  connnitted  at 
Kingston  at  one  time  for  $l*(;.      It  secuMMl  to  b(>  his 
opinion  that   slie,  unaided  and  alone,  had  killed  and 
then  mutihite(l  Iku'  hu-band  in  the  way  that  he  was 
iound.     Xow,  in  the  voluminotis  testimony  before  you, 
it  is  impossible  to  settle  positively  upon  any  detiniti! 
theory;  there  are  tlirce  ways,   any  on(>  of  which  the 
crime  may  hav(>  been  c(unmitte(b     He  nuiy  have  been 
kilN'd   by   tw..  men,  a-  at    tirst   .-taled  ;   he   niav   have 
been  killed  1  y  one  >trong  man,  as  wa<  fhaii^ed  aijainst 
•lohu   McWain;  or  he  may  have  been  kiliid  ly  Mrs. 
<":'nipl)ell  ali>ne.      This  Intter  thtory  sei'in-;  to  be  the 
one   g(>iirr;il|y   acceptod    by    studctils  of  tli(^  evidence. 
iJul  let  u<  look  at  tlie  tliree  as  they  havf^  been  provt  J 
before  yon.     The  day  afier  the  murder  Mrs.  Gauip- 


THE    XTSSOT^rxT    TKAGEDY 


O 


bell,  upon  lior  oath  bofdrc  tlic  onronor's  jurv,  statod 
that  two  men,  with  bhickenod  face?:,  had  oome  and 
kilkMl  her  liushand.  Thfv  wore  not  so  tall  as  hor 
hnsbaiKl.  Xow,  on  that  vcrv  niplit  two  men,  namclv, 
Davis  and  Priostly,  lodged  in  a  house  not  far  dis+ant. 
Priestly  lived  at  Thorndale,  hut,  as  he  says,  was  on 
his  way  to  Clipperton's  and  remained  all  niglit  at 
I  )avis's  house.  Li_<-hts  were  seen  in  that  liouse  at  mid- 
nifilit.  The  next  mornino',  wlien  aroused  hy  Suther- 
land, they  were  mueh  lonoer  in  eominj.''  to  the  door 
than  usual,  ten  minutes,  as  it  appeared  to  him,  fund)- 
linii-  about  doinji'  soniethiuir  insid.',  and  when  Davis 
eame  to  the  dodi-  ajid  was  inf(U-me(l  <.f  the  murd<'r,  he 
at  once  askod:  •  Did  they  ^v\  the  iiKmey  ^  '  On  the 
followin.ir  day  Davis  was  at  the  funeral;  ('(instahl(> 
riinir  arrested  him  on  suspicion  of  the  murder,  put 
him  in  irons,  and  inimedii-.tely  drove  to  Davis's  house 
to  make  a  search  for  anythinir  that  would  corroborate 
th;>se  suspicions.      Wlieu   there,    I'hair  found  a  pair 

of  trousers  with    lari^c  lilotehes  of  i»l 1  across  the 

front.  Phair  returned  with  I  )avis  to  where  the  peoy)l<' 
atteiidin<i-  the  funeral  were  assemble<l,  exposed  the 
blood-stained  iiarmeut^,  aud  derl.ired  that  thev  had 
the  riiiht  man.  He  and  I'riesilv  were  bronirht  to 
this  city  and  UuliivA  in  jail.  I  was  sent  for  to  defend 
I  >avis,  and  found  the  clothiiii:'  whicli  had  Nrn  !iroiin|,i 
m  with  him  covered  witji  what  appeared  to  be  larp' 
clors  of  blood.  They  were  kept  in  prison  for  about 
ten  days,  and  then,   with(Uit   a  trial  or  invesiij-ation 


■V2 


THE    XISSOUPI    TRAGEDY 

of  any  kind,  turned  out  of  prison.  But  up  to  this 
(lay  tlio  blood-stained  garments  liave  never  been  seen 
or  returned  to  J)avis.  These  men  would  eorrespond 
in  size  witli  the  men  named  in  :\[rs.  Campbell's  depo- 
sitions. Either  on(>  of  them  would  eorrespond  in  ape, 
siz(>,  build  and  complexion  with  the  man  who  boudit 
the  pistol  at  St.  .\rary's  much  better  than  the  pri-^oner 
('t\vie  does.  On  ihat  niornina',  fresh  footprints  wero 
found  not  far  frf»m  the  house  of  Davis,  and  a  -trance 
dog  was  seen  running  from  the  direction  of  Camp- 
bell's house  to  Davi-'s.  In  addition  to  this  you  will 
say  tha^  if  the  killing  took  place  after  a  severe  strug- 
gle it  would  recpiire  the  power  of  two  mcTi,  or  one 
very  strong  man,  to  ac.'omplish  it — for  you  will  ol)- 
serve  that  the  wrist  of  Campbell  was  not  cut  while 
in  bed,  or  the  bed  would  luive  been  covere<I  with 
blood.  I  present  the  facts  as  tluy  aj)j>ear  in  evidence, 
and  leave  you  to  be  the  judges  of  what  wciulit  von 
will  attach  to  them.  Now  we  come  to  the  >econd 
theory,  viz..  that  the  murd(>r  may  have  \hh-u  nnv.- 
mitted  by  .-Hf  <trong  man.  Mrs.  Campbell  has  identi- 
fied dolin  McW'ain  as  being  the  man  who  came  at 
the  (h'a<l  hour  of  the  night  and  killed  her  liii~l)and. 
Twice,  straight  to  his  face,  looking  him  >iraii;ht  in 
;l.e  eye,  has  slic  charged  him  wiih  the  ciimf,  in  thi-; 
very  <'onrt  room.  He  is  a  man  (d"  great  l>readth  of 
chest,  iiowerfnl  in  limb  and  muscle — a  strauizv  man 
— he  \vork<  at  night  and  stays  in  by  day>.  lie  i<  a 
man  ot  bad  ciiara<ter.  having  passed  a  tei-ni  in  pri-on 

133 


TJK    XLSSOURI    TRAGEDY 


f: 

i; 
1' 


for  tliofts  comniittod  l)y  liiiii.     He  was  not  at  the 
fnnoviil,  tliouiili  liviiia'  clo-c  hv.      II(>  was  ono  of  the 
very  first  arrested  and  lodged  in  jail.    John  McWain 
has  a  son  abont  the  size  of  the  bov  who  boupht  the 
j)istol   from  Taylor  t.'v:  Freeiiia    .      Perha])s  a  strong; 
man  like  .[dlin  ^IcAVain  m'ulil    jiress  George  (Vinp- 
bell  against  the  wall,  wlun-e  the  blood  bhilches  were 
— his  Tnoti\'e  being  to  resent  an  insult  to  liis  wife  and 
to  (d)rain  money.     Some  days  before  he  inqnired  if 
old  McWain  had  got  his  money,  meaning  the  thou- 
sand dollars  which  ^MeWain  drew  from  the  bank  on 
the   Satnr<lay  befuv<'.     Yon,   then^forc,   see  what   a 
strong  circumstantial  ease  is  made  out  against  him. 
lie   i<   the   only  ]ier>on    identified   and   -worn  to   by 
Mrs.  Camjibi'll  as  haxing  counuittcd  the  murder,  and, 
therefore,  with   the  chain  of  eirenmstances  against 
liini,  together  with  her  pointed  evidence,  if  he  had 
been  ])laced  upon  \i\<  trial,  he  would  have  had  a  poor 
cli;uic(>  of  escajie.      Now,  this  is  the  second   theory 
that  (inc  stnuig  man  may  hav»>  killed  (Jeorge  Camp- 
bell.     Vou  will  ob-crve   that  the  evidence  strongly 
sustains  cither  one  (d"  the-e  theories — either  one  of 
ilicin   in  my  mind   jirc^enting  mor(>  point,  more  force 
aiul  iiMire   reason  to  sustain  it  than  th(>  case  against 
("oyle,  now  before  you   (to  which    I  shall  soon  ask 
youi-   atieiitiou    in    detail).      After   looking  at   these 
two  theories.    1    now  com(>  to  the   third  theory;  vi/., 
thai     Mr<.    ("auijilH'll    niay    linvc   killed    her  husband 
unaided    and 

1:5 1 


alone.     She   was  the   wife   of  (icorixf' 


THE   NISSOUEI   TRAGEDY 

Campbell,  and,  tliereforc,  on  the  iiipht  of  the  murder, 
at  the  time  of  the  killiiio-,   without   regard   to   her 
words,  we  uiav   presume   she   wa-   ])resent.     At  two 
o'elock  next  morning  she  was  found   near  to   the 
murdered  man  by  three  neighbors.    She  was  a  woman 
strangely  constituted  by  nature— broad  build,   with 
great  muscular  power,  self-possessed,  with  great  cun- 
ning and  secretiveness,  full  of  imagination  and  in- 
vention for  every  emergencv — volatile,  even  merrv. 
witli  a  powerlul,  lurking,  panther-like  reserve  power 
showing  itself  in   every  look   and  movement,   with 
nerves  of  iron  and  a  powerful  will;  a  resolution  once 
made,  she  was  determined  and  unthigging  in  carrying 
it  into  eifect ;  but,  predominant  above  all  these  other 
jieculiarities,  was  her  great  selfishness.    Let  every  per- 
son and  everything  fall,  if  she  could  only  stand.     This 
IS  the  person  who  was  found  close  to  the  body  of 
George  Campbell  on  the  morning  of  the  loth  of  July; 
she  had,  what  appeared  to  her,  no  doubt,  a  strong 
motive  for  conmiitting  the  deed,  viz.:  that  George 
Campbell  allowed  his  father  to  frustrate  her  at  every 
point  and  dejirived  her  of  every  cent  they  had.     AVhy 
did  George  (;amj)bell  want  his  wife  to  be  kept  in  the 
dark  about  the  transaction?    Old  :Mr.  Camj)l.ell  and 
his  daughter  say   that  George  did   want   this— you 
naturally  ask  what  was  the  caused  and  you  answer, 
that  it  was  because  he  knew  her  and  had  a  dread  of 
her.      H,.  .toid  Ids  father  that   if  he  had   known   all 
lit;  then  knew,  he  would  not  have  been  married.     She 


7 


THE    XISSOURI    TRxVGEDY 

stated,  on  oath,  that  some  months  Ix^fore  this  she 
had  discovered  that  her  husband  liad  had  criminal 
intercoiirse  with  the  wife  of  John  ^VFcWain;  if  true, 
in  a  woman  of  her  stranjic,  stoic  tirmness,  tliis  may 
have  constituted  an  achlitional  motive,  more  powerful 
than  even  tlie  money  itself.  She  was  aiTcsted  upon 
sus])icion  of  tlie  murder,  cast  into  prison,  and  from 
that  moment  lu>r  whole  genius  was  l)rou,i>ht  to  bear 
in  order  (as  she  repeatedly  said)  t')  avoid  beinp; 
hanged,  her  mind  readily  falling  into  any  channel 
which  would  lik(dy  meet  with  public  belief;  first 
charging  one  and  then  .mother;  first  telling  one  story 
and  then  another,  until  every  vestige  of  faith  in  her 
utterances  was  com])Ietely  lost  and  gone  ..n'over.  The 
arts  by  which  she  tried  to  save  herself  hurried  on 
her  ruin.  She  was  tried  for  the  murder,  foimd  guilty, 
and  condemned  to  die  on  the  2()tli  day  of  Jmie  of 
this  year.  Pint,  notwithstanding  that,  the  Governor 
still  had  the  p(»wcr  up  to  the  very  moment  when  the 
fatal  bolt  was  drawn  to  alter  the  sentence  and  give 
back  her  life  again.  In  many  cases,  when  the  victim 
has  stood  upon  the  scafbdd,  a  reprieve  has  come,  and 
life  has  been  saved.  She  knew  this  perfectly  well, 
and,  therefore,  in  this  emergency  invented  a  story 
which,  no  doubt,  staggered  the  (lovenior  in  Council, 
and  it  came  within  a  hairbreadth  of  saving  her 
life;  she  knew  well  that  to  ])rot<'st  her  innocence 
would  no  longer  avail  anything,  and  therefore  she 
gave  to  the  world  a  fourth  interpretation  of  how  the 

i;iG 


THE    XlSSOUm    TRAGEDY 

murder  took   place.      In  this,  in  express  words,  she 
confessed  hein-  ouihy,  hut  (•hai-ge<l  that  another  per- 
son then  livin-  was  ouilty  also.     Hv  this,  no  doubt, 
she  nearly  saved  h.-r  own  life,  for  that  life  became 
necessary  to  establish  thr  puilt  of  the      rson  she  then 
charged.     Ey  this  crafty  ,levice,  if  it  had  been  be- 
lieved by  the  Governor  in  Council,  she  would  have 
prolonged  her  own   life   f„r   some   months,   an,l   no 
doubt   she  thought  that  being  a  woman   she  might 
then  have  had  her  sentence  commuted  to  penitentiary 
for  life,  but  after  all  that  had  passed,  all  the  state- 
ments  and  counter  statements  that  had   been   made, 
the  Governor  in  ( 'ouncil  totally  disregarded  her  word', 
and  allowed  the  execution  to  take  ])lace.     Her  death 
alone  was  sutticient  to  sh.nv  her  to  be  a  marvelous 
woman,  with  >t«.ic  power  and  firnmess  greater  than 
any  ten  men.     The  heavy  tread  of  the  executioner, 
tlio   mournful   presence  of  the  man  of  God  come  to' 
administer  the  last  consoling  prayer  of  the  Church, 
udiere  all  but  ..ne  ,p,ailed— that  one  was  stoic  and 
•'..moved  as  a   pillar  of  lead.     As  she  lived,  so  she 
died.     This  is  the  woman  whom  Blackmore,  McDon- 
aM   and   Craig  found  near   to  the  body  of  (leorge 
Cami)bell  on  that  eventful  morning,  with  the  palms 
nf  both    hands  covered    with   blood;   she   was  there, 
^he  had  natives  that  promj)te(l  the  deed,  she  has  been 
trie<l   and    condemned    for    it,   she   has   confessed    it 
n..d  suffered  <leath.      If  she  did  it  alone  and  unaided 
'"'^v  <1'<1  ^^1.0  do  it^    All  the  weapons  with  which  the 

137 


I 


i 

I 


THE    XTSSOURT    TKAGEDY 

crime  M-as  connuittod  aro  provo.l   to  liavc  boen  the 
proporty  of  her  late  ImsbaiHl.    I5ut  a  pistol  was  found 
there  wliicli  no  one  can  renicnilier  of  liavinp-  seen  in 
the  possession  of  Campbell  or  his  wife  prio'i-  to  that 
morninir.    The  })istol  was  no.  used  in  the  commission 
of  the  erime,  but  it  was  there,  and  there  ean  be  no 
doubt  it   was  one  of  two  pistols  sold  sometime  be- 
fore b_v  Taylor  .1-  Freeman,  of  St.  .Marvs.     Then, 
I'ow  did   the  killino-  take  place?     I  have\aeted  for 
several   of  the   persons   arrested,   charged  with  this 
murder,  and  have  carefidly  studied  everv  phase  and 
branch  ()f  the  case   from  the  first.     Within  a  few 
days  after  the  crime  I  went  to  the  house  and  ex- 
amined   it   carefully;    within   the    last   few   days    I 
did   so    for   the   second   time.     I  have    heard  what 
has  been  said   in  evidence,  and   after  all   this  have 
come  to  the  conclusion  which,  no  doubt,  you  have 
come    to,    viz.,    that    a    hunum    hand    smeared    the 
blood  on  that  ax  handle  and  upon  that  knife.     That 
the  reason  was  that  after  the  killin-  took  place  the 
imi)riuts  of  bloody  hands  were   upon  the  ax-handle 
und  upon  the  knife;  then  to  remove  these  imprints, 
the   whole  ax-handle   and   knife   were  smeared  over 
with  blood.     The  ingenuity  that  suggested  this,  .sug- 
'gcsted   the  casting   of  clots  of  blood   with   a   cloth 
against  the  wall,  and  the  throwing  of  it  around  the 
room  up(,n  the  clothing  and  furniture,  and  the  driv- 
ing of  the  back  of  the  ax  through  the  thin  inch-board 
floor,  for  u  blow  directed  at  an  object  in  front  wouM 

138 


THE    XISSOURI    TRAGEDY 

not  come  with  force  upon  the  floor.    We  know  that 
by  hiiina.    liand^  blood  was  used,  we  liave  li  in  the 
deposition  of  Mrs.  Campbell  herself,  we  have  it  in 
the  living-  evidence  of  the  blood  upon  the  articles 
now  before  us,  and  if  used  in  one  place,  in  all  likeli- 
hood it  was  used  in  other  places.     I  will  show  you 
that  no  struggle  took  place.  In  all  Junnan  probabiHty 
he  was  killed  in  this  way:    Campbell  was  asleep,  ly- 
ing ujwn  his  left  side,  the  room  was  light,  the  ax 
was  raised  over  him,  and  a  blow  well  directed  upon 
the  skull  broke  it  in.     This  would  not  catise  a  great 
effusion  of  blood,  and  yet  would  produce  almost  in- 
stant death;   enough  of  blood  did  trickle  down  to 
make  the  blood  stains  in  the  hollow  of  the  pillow; 
Dr.  Foster  says  it  was  not  a  blotch,  but  a  stain;  the 
cutting  of  the  wrist  did  not  take  place  while  in  the 
bed,  or  else  the  sheets  would  have  been  covered  with 
blood— it  did  not  take  place  in  any  struggle  around 
the  room,  for  from  that  cut  a  stream  would  flow,  cov- 
ering the  floor  in  every  part,  in  which  the  fee.  of 
Campbell  would  come  in  contact,  and  the  soles  of 
them  would  l)e  covered  with  blood ;  but  when  dead, 
the  soles  of  the  feet  were  free  from  the  marks  of 
blood  as  when  living.     No,  gentlemen,  there  was  no 
struggle,  the  hands  were  free  from  wounds,  the  feet 
were  free  from  bloo<l;  .McDonald  says  there  were 
splashes  of  blood  against  the  wall  and"  the  marks  of 
bloody  Angers  against  the  door,  as  if  rubbed  on;  the 
subtleness    that    smeared    the    ax    and    knife    with 

139 


THE    XISSOUKI    TRAGEDY 


blcod  also  prepared  tlie  other  appearances  of  a  strug- 
gle; for  what  reas(,u  '  to  show  that  she  could  not  have 
done  all  this  alone;  blood  was  on  her  hands  when 
she  came  to  the  house  of  Mrs.  Wiseman;  James  Wise- 
man says  he  thinks  there  was  no  struggle;  in  hia 
evidence  he  says  it  appeared  to  him  that  the  man  had 
been  drawn  out  of  the  bed,  the  sheet  had  been  drawn 
round  or  down  somewhat.  In  this  man's  evidence 
we  see  another  featiire  of  how  the  crime  was  com- 
mitted; after  that  first  blow,  the  die  was  cast,  the 
demon  of  death  reveled  wildly;  the  man,  perhaps  iu 
a  paroxysm,  leajx'd  to  the  floor,  only  to  fall  dead 
upon  it,  or  was  dragged  from  the  bed  in  the  frenzy 
of  excitement  which  the  awful  moment  created,  and 
then  literally  chopped  to  pieces  upon  the  floor;  this 
is  where  the  wrist  was  cut;  the  body  was  surrounded 
with  blood  ;  the  room  was  light,  so  that  a  score  of 
blows  caiiicdircctly upon  the  head  and  face, the  tieudof 
destruction  not  abating  until  a  knife  was  sought  and 
the  thrttat  was  cut  in  order  to  nuike  the  work  of 
death  bcvond  peradventure.  Those  who  have  studied 
the  subject  -ay  that  this  is  tlie  work  of  an  infuriated 
woman;  iu  lier  desperation  and  frcn/v,  not  knowing 
when  to  ^tay  licr  liiind,  not  knowing  when  the  W(»rk 
of  death  was  completed;  to  prove  tluit  this  is  true 
we  iiave  licr  arrc-t,  lur  trial,  Ihm-  condemnation,  her 
confession  and  her  <'\ccution;  this  third  theory  of 
the  murder  >'euie(i  to  have  iiei'U  ai-cepted  by  the 
learned  conu'^id  tor  the  crown  muni  her  own  prose- 

i  JO 


THE    XISSOUKl    TRAGEDY 


cution;  and  since,  that  has  been  received  as  the  true 
one ;  no  f(X)tprints  were  found  about  tlie  liouse,  no 
stains   of  blood  upon  the   fences — all  solitary  and 
alone  she  would  appear  to  have  committed  this  great 
crime.     I  have,  gentlemen,  drawn  your  attention  to 
throe  theories,  by  any  one  of  which  George  Campbell 
might  have  lost  his  life;  and  now  I  ask  you  to  come 
witli   UK'   back   to  look    at    the  case  of  the  prisoner, 
Coyle.     He  was  born  in  the  county  of  Brant ;  left  an 
orphan  at  ten.     From  that  until  fifteen  he  worked 
for  a  farmer  in  that  township.    The  farmer  sold  out, 
and  Coyle  came  into  Downey,  near  St.  Mary's,  and 
worked  dm-ing  the  harvest.     Joseph  McWain  then 
employed   him  permanently  by  the  year.     He  was 
then  lifteeu  years  of  age — a  jK)or,  ragged,  dependent 
orphan  boy.     Mrs.  Campbell  had  been  married  some- 
time before  and   was  rc-iding  with  her  husband  at 
the  liouse  of  old   Mr.  Camf)))ell.     (leorge  Campl)ell 
and    his    wife  canii    afterwards    to    reside   with    Mr. 
Josej)h  McWain,  where  tluy  remained  until  the  early 
part  of  June,  ISTl,  when  they  removt d  to  the  small 
hoii-e  in   which  (ieorge  Campbell  was  killed  on  th(; 
l.">th  ()f  July  foljowiiitr.      I  lie  promoters  (tf  this  pros- 
<'(Mition    have    attempted    to    estal'lish    some    undue 
frieiid>liip  iM'tweeii  iliis  voting  lad  and  .Mrs.  CamplM'll. 
In  tlii>,  on  every  point  tliev  have  signally  failed,  for 
the   he-t  of   reaxni-.   that    it    lia>  never  U'en   more  or 
less   tliaii   a   liase,  tiroiinilless  slander — lun-er  mooted 
tlnriiig  tlie  lifetime  >.f  ( 'aiiipbeil,  and   never  tlioiiijht 


THE    MISSOURI    TKAGEDY 

of  until  .'.n.o  inotiv.  was  to  bo  supplied  fur  tl.e  mur- 
,lor.     The  in^^enuity  of  the  .leleetives  was  then  etn- 
plnv-d  in  l.uildinj:-  up  a  ease  uj^.n  this  theory,  the 
^vret.•h(.d  hreakin:;-  down  ,.f  which  -l.ows  how  ncves- 
.•u-y  it  i<  to  have  sonic  tr)itl>  to  Iniihl  upon.     (%.uhl 
they  hav(>  livcl  vcar>  in  tlie  .  an.c  house  with<.ut  signs 
of  intin.acv.  if  there  were  at.y  '.     On  the  l^t  of  July, 
1S71— Donii.iion  Day-C'oyh.  asked  his  master,  Mr. 
Joseph   MeWain,  to   aHow  him  to  come  to  London 
to   atten.l   the   >ports.      MeWain    refused,   owing  to 
.ome  work  n.p.irinir  attention,  hut  he  tohi  C'oyle  that 
ho  couhl  go  over  to  St.  Mary's  some  afternoon.     On 
the  7th  of  the  same  n.ontli  Coyle  met  Stretch  and 
told  him  he  was  going  ;o  St.  Mary's  the  next  day. 
The  ^amc  was  t<d.l  to  young  Hugh  McWain;  in  fact, 
it  was  irenerallv  known  hy  all  round.     Was  that  the 
condm-  ..f  one  who  was  going  t<.  buy  an  instrument 
to  .ommit  murder  with?     If  his  motives  had  been 
dark  and  villainous,  would  not  his  acti<ms  have  been 
.ccret  and  stealtliv,  not  (.]H-n  and  alH)vcboard  as  they 
really  were.     Well,  on  the  Sth.  of  July  McWain  was 
in  iJ.ndon.     He  was  a  eontra.-tor  on  the  railway  for 
the  M.pplv  .d'  wo...i.     lie  drew  on  the  contract  out  of 
the  hank  one  thousand  d.-Hars.     This  was  the  Sth  of 
July.    On  the  iveiiing  .d"  tha,  day,  Coyle,  after  taking 
hi-^  t.'a  and  putting  things  in  onler  about  the  place, 
ro<h-  >\v:\v\\s  down  the  lane  from  the  house,  and  away 
to  St     Marv'..     This  was  the  Saturday  evening  prior 
to  the   murder  of  r.m.pU'U.      As   ("uyh'   ro.le  ah.ng 

142 


Ki 


fjf^ 


THE    NISSOUKI    TRAGEDY 

the  road,  and  when  opposite  the  door  of  the  house 
of  Mrs.  Williams— whieh  is  close  to  the  roadside — 
he  reined  up  his  horse  and  sat  talking?  to  her  for  a 
little.     His  personal  appearance  at  that  time  is  de- 
scribed  bv   Mrs.    Williams.      This   was   about   eight 
o'clock.     Coyle  rode  on   to  St.   Mary's,  put  iip  his 
horse  at  the  Stone  Tavern,  and  then  went  to  a  barber 
shop.     It  being  Satur<la.v  evcnini,:,  the  shop  was  crowd- 
ed with  customers.     He  went  to  another  shop  and 
found  it  the  same  way.     He  then  walked  up  to  the 
market  place  and  ftund  that  the  Townsend  family 
were  perfonning.     A  crowd  was  about  the  door  lis- 
tening to  the  music.     Coyle  remained  there  until 
nearly  ten  o'clock,  and  returned  to  make  some  small 
purchases  and  have  his  hair  cut  and  a  shave.     On  his 
way  down  he  went  into  a  store  and  bought  blacking 
an<l  brush  for  25  cents;  gum  drops,  candies  and  other 
.riHes  for    15  eents;  he  then  went  (»n  down   to  the 
barber  shop;  there  were  still  several  persons  there, 
among  whom  were  two  persons,  Brimaconibe  and  Mc- 
Intyre,  from  Downey,  known  to  Coyle  wlien  he  re- 
sided in  that  township;   Hrimacombe  wa-^  present  at 
the  two  former  courts,  but,  as  \\U  father  now  tells 
you,  i^!  in  the  states  and  his  address  cannot  be  found; 
the  barb(>r  also  rccolicits  the  cinMnnstaiices;  they  all 
describe  the  personal  a])pearance  of  ('.»yle  at  about 
half  ]<ast  nine  o'clock  that  night;  he  had  long,  thick, 
black  hair;  his  face  rough,  being  unshaven  for  weeks; 
his  eyes  blaek.  with  heavy  Muck  eyebrow-;  iiis  natn- 

14:5 


THE  ^'Issonu  tragedy 

rallv  (lark  romyV'xion  xvas  made  tawi.y  and  blacker 
.till  l)v  exposure  \o  the  sinnmer  sun;  he  wore  a  short 
,rrav  coat.     Thi<  was  tlu'  appearanee  of  the  prisoner 
at  ten  .A-loek  on  the  ni-ht  the  j.istol  was  bought.     On 
that  san.e  <'v<muu-.  about  half  past  seven,  the  pistol 
was  p,nvha>e<l  bv  a  man  between  twenty  and  twenty- 
five   years  of  age,  s<3iuewhat   stouter  than  the  pris- 
oner* lii:ht  e..niplexion,  light  hair,  light  eyes  and  fair 
.kin!  th."  man  wore  a  long  linen  eoat.     (Jentlc'inen 
vou  -av  in  v.nir  hearts  that  this  is  eonelusive,  and 
;„,.  want  no  u,ore.      When  ('«wle  rode  over  to  St. 
\\uy-  he  had  four  dollars  in  his  i-ocket,  whieh  ho 
i,ad  be,.,,  paid  a   few  <lays  bef..re  by  MeWain.     He 
,.xpen,led    about  one  <lollar   in  brush,  blaeking,  hair 
euttinu-,  shaviuir,  treating  and  j.aying  tor  k.  •  p  of  hia 
iH.rse      He  lu'ouuht  h..me  thnv  .l.dUirs,  one  of  whieh 
h,.  paid  to  voung  Hugh  MeWain,  and  the  other  two 
.lollars  w,.re  fouu<i  in  his  po.-ketbook  aft.T  Ins  arrest. 
If  von  re.p.ir..  anv  other  evidenee  to  show  that  Coyle 
,„;,    ,„„l,i„g  to  .io   with    the   pun-base  of   the   pistol, 
thi<  i<  a  g.MHl  airl  Mibstantial   reason,  as  he  ha<l   no 
tnonev  to' make  t  le'  ,.urehaM..      In  addition  to  all  this 
von  have  the  evidenr,.  of  Mrs.  Campbell,  b.-r  deposi- 
tion Ik  fore  tlio  .-on.ner's  jury  now  befoiv  you  as  evi- 
,l,,„e..  nneoritradiete.l.  in  .vhirh  -he  .•hargc..  two  other 

n,en.  This  like  nu.nv  othrr  grave  .h'f.rts  ,n  the  eax- 
f, ,,  ,l„.  ..pown.  ha.  bren  .■.mipletelv  overlo..k.Ml,  and 
tl„.,vforeontl,i--lateotfaetls,.bmitthat  th.- rrown 
.hould   not   pre-<  for  a  ...nvirtion.  but  if  it  does,  we 

111 


THE    MISSOURI    TRAGEDY 

must  consider  well  our  own  position?.  We,  the  crea- 
tures of  an  hour,  intnisled  with  a  little  brief  author- 
itv,  are  considering  whether  that  authority  shall  be 
employed  in  the  taking  away  of  a  human  life — a 
young  life,  without  a  stain  hitherto,  spent  in  quiet 
seclusion  and  toil — a  life  as  dear  to  him  as  any  of  our 
lives  is  to  us.  Let  no  man  of  you  attempt  to  guess 
at  liis  guilt  and  render  a  verdict  upon  that,  if  you 
would  not  yourselves  be  guilty  of  the  very  crime  with 
which  he  is  charged.  "We  must  bring  the  matter  close 
homo  to  ourselves,  and  realize,  with  great  certainty, 
the  consequence  of  our  acts.  Let  these  acts  be  strong- 
ly temjK'red  with  mercy,  if  we  ('X|XH;t  mercy  ourselves 

'The  quality  of  merry  is  not  strained, 
It  droppeth  as  the  pcntle  rain  from  heaven 
Upon  the  place  beneath;  it  is  twice  blessed, 
It  bles8eth  him  that  pives  and  him  that  takes, 
Tis  mightiest  in  the  mightiest;  it  becomes 
The  Throned  monarch  better  than  his  crown, 
The  earthly  power  doth  then  show  likest  Ciod's 
When  mercy  seasons  justice.' 

This  U'autiful  tribute  to  mercy  has  been  the  theme 
of  drauuitists,  jurists  and  divine-  for  ovei  300  years, 
and  yet  it  is  as  healthful  this  ('ay  as  it  was  when  the 
bard  of  Avon  bequeathed  it  to  the  world  forever — 
Ikh'husc  it  speaks  to  th<'  hearts  of  men.  It  is  and 
has  been  the  sentiment  of  the  wise  and  good  from 
the  bcginniiig,  and  will  be  when  you  and  1  and  the 
ju'cnsed    and    all    things  on   this  earth   are   und<'r   it. 

145 


THE    NISSOURI    TRAGEDY 

It  is  difficult  for  you  to  err  on  the  side  of  mercy, 
but  possible  and  easy  for  you  to  err  on  the  side  of 
severity.     A  great  wrong  has  been  committed,  but 
beware  that  you  do  not  duplicate  that  wrong  by  tak- 
ing the  life  of  an  innocent  man.  The  blood  of  George 
Campbell  cries  from  the  ground  to  be  avenged;  all 
men  answer  back  it  <hall  be  avenged.    This  is  why, 
in  higli  crimes  like  this,  slight  suspicions,  evidence  of 
no  weight,  to  convict  of  a  trifling  theft  is  allowed  to 
prejudice  even  life  itself.    By  the  laws  of  Moses  and 
at  a  much  later  period— only  at  the  mouth  of  two 
witnesses  should  man  suffer  death.    In  this  case  there 
is  no  witness  at  all.     Xissouri  offered  $r)00  reward. 
Before  forty-eight  hours  eight  persons  were  in  prison, 
against  none  of  whom,  excepting  John  McWain,  any 
charge  had  ever  heiore  k^en  made.     I  implore  you, 
gentlemen,  not  for  one  moment  to  lose  sight  of  your 
positions.      The  judge   on  the  bench  regards  your 
words  with  awful  imiMirt — how  utterly  irrevocable 
those  words  are.     His  lordship's  duty  binds  him  to 
follow  your  verdict  by  his  sentence — the  law  is  car 
ried  into  effect,  a  life  of  regret  accompanies  all  con- 
cerned, and  ruin  and  death  is  heaped  upon  a  man 
hitherto  without  bh'mish.     I  again  implore  vou,  gen- 
tlemen, not  to  render  a  verdict  in  any  way  depend- 
ent upon  tlic  royal  mercy,  for  the  regal  prerogative 
will    not   !•(•   exercised   excepting   in  sjx'cial   cases   of 
glaring   flagi-ani    wrong,    the    rnh'   being,    that    wlun 
twelve  intelligiiit    men,  upon  their  oat!i<,   render  a 

146 


THE    XISSOURI    TRAGEDY 


verdict,  that  verdict  shall  stand.  Therefore,  von  can- 
not escapt'  the  responsibility  of  your  positions.  Vou 
may  pronounce  the  words  '  Xot  Guilty  '  without  leav- 
ing the  box,  but  lest  some  of  you  niig^ht  view  it  dif- 
ferently, 1  have  felt  it  and  do  feel  it  my  duty  to 
bring  every  prominent  feature  of  the  case  l)efore  you; 
therefore,  realize  this  naked  fact,  that  if  your  ver- 
dict be  guilty  upon  this  indictment,  the  sentence  of 
death  will  be  pronounced  and  carried  into  execution. 
To  .sustain  such  a  verdict  the  evidence  should  be  con- 
clusive; in  this  case  there  is  no  evidence  at  all.  The 
learned  crown  counsel  opened  the  ease  by  informing 
you  that  he  would  give  evidence  of  criminal  inter- 
course between  the  late  Mrs.  Campbell  and  Coyle; 
that  Coyle  bought  the  pistol,  and  that  he  had  con- 
fessed the  crime.  The  two  first  propositions  he  has 
himself  proved  to  be  false.  The  third  one  is  so 
mixed  with  self-evident  falsehood  that  it  can  have 
no  weight  with  you.  The  case  for  the  crown  has 
broken  down  at  every  point.  There  is,  therefore, 
nothing  left  for  you,  gentlemen,  but  to  render  a 
sfieedy  verdict  of  '  Xot  Giiilty.'  The  prisoner  con- 
cealed nothing,  open  and  frank  as  he  had  always  Invn. 
All  knew  that  he  was  going  to  St.  Mary's,  what  money 
he  had  and  what  he  did  with  it.  He  niatle  no  change 
of  his  cloth«'s;  th(»  >ame  lie  wore  to  St.  Mary's  he 
had  on  when  he  was  arrested;  no  Mood  was  found 
upoTi  his  person  or  upoti  his  clothes;  lie  is  j)r()ved 
never  to  liave  left  the  house  of  McWtiiii  oti  tli(>  niiilit 

147 


THK    MISSOURI    TRA(JEDY 

the  munler  wa-  coinmitted.  This  makes  the  case  so 
c-lear  that  vmir  verdict  of  '  Not  Guilty  '  should  be 
rendered  without  leaving  the  box.  Gentlemen,  the 
prisoner,  relyinj.  up.n  your  wisdom,  your  goodness 
and  nu'rcy,  has  full  confidence  in  leaving  his  case,  his 
life,  in  your  hands." 

The  address,  of  which  the  substance  is  given,  oc- 
cupied over  two  hours,  during  which  time  the  great 
courthouse  was  closely  packed  in  every  part,  but 
the  utmost  silence  was  presen-ed  throughout,  until 
the  close,  when  a  sup])ressed  murmur  of  a]iplause  was 
(juickly  silenced  by  the  otfi<rrs  in  charge.  The  learned 
Chief  Justice  Tlaggerty  closed  the  case  by  a  powerful 
rendition  of  the  law  and  a  close  analysis  of  the  evi- 
dence. The  jui-y  were  absent  three  hours  and  then 
returned  a  verdict  of  "  Not  Guilty." 


148 


LIXCOLX 


IX  July,  1804,  wit li  letters  of  introduction  from 
friends  of  President  Lincoln,  I  went  to  Washing- 
ton a  few  days  after  a  portion  of  the  Confederate 
Army  had  blown  up  the  Gunpowder  Bridge  near 
Baltimore,  and  about  the  time  the  two  armies  had 
had  a  sharp  encounter  near  Washington. 

I  was  a  guest  at  the  W^illard  House,  and  at  11 
o'clock  the  next  morning  I  went  direct  to  the  Execu- 
tive ^lansion.  After  handing  my  card  to  a  messenger, 
he  conducted  me  to  tlie  greenroom  at  the  left  of  the 
entrance,  and  a  few  minutes  later  upstairs  to  the 
waiting  room.  It  was  a  large,  square  room  or  hall. 
Army  othcers,  with  cabinet  ministers,  were  in  groups, 
while  others  in  a  restless  manner  moved  backward 
and  forward  from  time  to  time  looking  from  the 
windows.  A  middle-aged  man  in  plain  clothes  came 
near  to  where  I  was  standing,  lie  was  the  Presi- 
dent's messenger.  I  lianded  him  the  letters,  told  him 
I  was  a  stranger  and  had  taken  the  liberty  of  calling 
on  the  President.  Without  a  moment's  delay  he 
jiassed  into  an  adjoining  room,  and  in  less  than  two 
minutes  returned,  saying,  "The  President  will  see  you 
now."  I  was  confused  and  a  little  surprised  at  the 
suddenness  of  the  audience. 

149 


LINCOLN 

The  following  extracts  from  a  letter  written  from 
Washington  in  1804  will  illustrate  ne  incidents 
of  that  time.  Special  corresi>ondence  to  the  "  tree 
Press  ": 

"26th  July.  1864. 

«  The  President  was  alone,  and  rising,  met  me  in 
the  center  of  the  room.     He  shook   my  hand  cor- 
dially, and  1  gladly  returned  his  honest,  .nanly  grasp, 
thanking  him  for  the  easy  means  of  access  and  great 
kindness  in  allowing  me  an  opportunity  of  meeting 
him.      He   said:   '  I   am   glad   to  see   you,  sir.     Be 
seated,'  signaling  to  a  chair  close  to  his  own,  and  went 
on-  '  Yes,  this  easy  means  of  access  is,  I  may  say, 
under  our  form  of  government  the  only  link  or  cord 
which  connects  the  i)eople  with  the  govermng  power, 
and  however  unimportant  much  of  it  is,  it  must  be 
kept  up,  as,  for  instance,  a  mother  in  a  distant  part, 
who  has  a  son  in  the  army  regularly  enlisted,  but 
has  not  served  out  his  time,  yet  it  has  been  as  long  as 
she  thinks  he  ought  to  stay,  will  collect  together  all 
the  little  means  she  can  to  bring  her  here  to  entreat 
me  to  grant  him  his  discharge.     Of  course  I  cannot 
interfere,  and  can  only  see  her  and  speak  kindly  to 
her      How  far  is  vour  place  from  Detroit,  sir?     Is 
it  a  growing  place? '  '  It  is  about  100  miles  East  from 
Detroit.     Wr  have  no  water  connection,  but  have  a 
xovv  nice  inland  citv       1  inten.l  remaining  in  Wash- 
ington for  a  few  days.    All  seems  stir  and  c-ommotion 

150 


LIXCOLX 


here.'  '  Yes,  there  never  was  anything  in  history 
e(]ual  to  this.'  *  Yonr  position  must  indeed  be  a  re- 
sponsible and  tryinp;  one,  Mr.  J*resi(lent.'  '  Yes,  to 
think  of  it,  it  is  very  strange  tliat  I,  a  l)oy  In-onght 
np  in  tlie  woods  and  seeing  as  it  were  but  little  of  the 
world,  should  be  drifted  into  the  very  apex  of  this 
great  event.'  '  I  read  your  proclamation  this  morn- 
ing calling  for  more  men.'  Then  after  a  few  min- 
utes' silence  and  apparent  meditation,  he  said :  '  Yes, 
yes,  it  will  be  filled  uj).'  I  then  rose,  saying, '  I  thank 
you,  Mr.  President,  for  your  kindness  and  courtesy.' 
The  President  shook  hands  again,  and  said:  '  1  am 
most  happy  to  have  made  your  acquaintance.'  Some 
other  remarks  were  made  on  both  sides.  I  was  about 
fifteen  minutes  in  the  room,  and  as  I  was  leaving,  he 
said :  '  Oh,  these  letters,  you  take  them  with  you. 
They  will  give  you  an  entrance  to  the  public  build- 
ings,' and  with  a  smile  which  seemed  to  illuminate 
his  whole  face,  his  last  words  were :  '  Oh,  yes,  we 
ahvays  give  preference  to  strangers.'  " 

These  words  are  given  as  expressed  by  the  Presi- 
dent, written  down  a  few  minutes  after  they  were 
uttered.  What  has  been  written  of  him  and  seen 
in  his  photographs  give  a  very  fair  idea  of  him.  As 
a  man  lie  has  a  large,  kind,  warm  heart,  and  a  gen- 
erous, manly  nature;  he  smiled  cordially,  and  seemed 
very  cor  municative.  But,  under  all,  there  appeared 
a  troubled  restiveness,  which  in  ly  judgment  ap- 
peared to  indicate  a  painful  realization  of  the  conse- 

151 


lincol:n" 

quences  which  might  result  from  the  honest  exercise 
of  his  best  judgment.  On  this  day  there  was  a  full 
meeting  of  the  members  of  the  administration  m 
the  President's  rooms,  and  as  each  one  of  them  passed 
in  through  the  halls  I  had  a  full  opportunity  of  see- 
ing and  forming  some  opinion  of  them.  To  me  they 
appeared,  with  the  exception  of  or-e,  to  be  men  of 
extraordinary  i)ower  and  intelligence. 

The  private  residence  of  the  President  and  family 
is  chieflv  confined  to  the  west  end  of  the  mansion, 
which  at  this  season  is  closed,  Mrs.  Lincoln  a^d^^am- 
ily  being  at  their  summer  abode,  known  as  "  The 
Soldiers'  Home,"  about  four  miles  from  the  city. 
During  the  late  Conf(,>derate  raid  they  sought  the 
protection  of  the  \Vh=te  House,  but  have  now  re- 
turned in  -afety. 

The  President  is  in  many  respects  an  unusual  man, 
with   uaits   of    character   one    seldom   meets.      He 
seemed  to  combine  jollity  and  mirth  with  the  very 
greatest  depths  of  the  prophet  and  seer,  holding  life 
only  a-  a  uust  for  the  performance  of  some  allotted 
work.     T   an.  firmly  convinced  that  he  thinks  this, 
and  with  it  has  grown  hito  an  attribute  of  religion, 
f.ir  wiiich.  without  a  murmur,  if  need  be,  he  would 
sutTei    inartvrdom.      From   momenta  of  silence   and 
HKMlitation   he  would  quickly  brace  himself  for   an 
inevitable  dutv  of  the  hour.     I  believe  in  the  divme 
rinht  of  authority,  and  also  in  an  overruling  provi- 
de'nce,  and  that  l.inc<.ln  was  raised  up  for  the  vast 

152 


LINCOLN 

duties  cast  upon  him.  Xapoleon  III,  in  his  book  on 
CsDsar,  states  this  as  the  belief  of  his  uncle,  the  first 
Napoleon,  and  his  own  belief.  Chinese  Gordon  and 
hundreds  of  others  were  the  same — simple-minded, 
honest,  trusting,  faithful,  while  fear  never  for  a  mo- 
ment crossed  their  minds. 

Apropos  of  this,  two  days  after  the  evacuation  of 
Richmond  by  General  Lee,  Lincoln  was  in  that  city, 
walking  unattended  quietly  around  the  streets.    It 
was  at  a  most  trying  moment.    In  the  war  hundreds 
of  thousands  were  slain.    The  hot  blood  of  the  South 
now  called  for  vengeance.     When  all  was  lost,  when 
the  passions  of  despair  were  arous  d,  Lincoln  might 
have  been  seen  strolling  through  the  streets  of  the 
Confederate  capital,  unarmed,  and  in  a  quiet  busi- 
ness costume,  as  though  nothing  had  happened,  as 
Gordon   Vv-alked   through  the   streets   of  Khartoom 
when  a  thousand  scimiters  awaited  his  assassination. 
After  leaving  Mr.  Lincoln's  room,  the  messenger 
came  over  and  gave  me  the  names  of  the  persons  pres- 
ent.    Henry  Ward  Beecher  was  close  to  the  door, 
awaiting  an  interview  with  the  Preident.    The  mes- 
senger spoke  in  most  imfriondly  tx^nns  of  Mr.  Beech- 
er.    He  told  me  the  purport  of  his  mission.    He  said 
that  the  son  of  a  Mr.  Howard,  a  member  of  Beecher's 
congregi>tion  ia  Brooklyn,  had  issued  a  bogus  proc- 
lamation purporting  to  call  our   (I  think)   300,000 
men  for  tlie  purpose  of  affecting  the  stock  exchange; 
that  young  Howard  had  been  tried  for  it  and  con- 

153 


LTXCOLX 


dnimod  to  tlio  state  prison,  tliat  Beocher,  with  How- 
ard senior,  were  there  to  interview  the  President  for 
a  respite  or  oo-nnnitation  of  tlie  i-entence.  lie  also 
pointed  out  to  nie  Secretary  Seward,  with  an  aquiline 
nose;  Secretary  Wells,  with  a  red  face,  and  Secre- 
tary Fessenden,  with  a  dark  coinj)Iexion.  Upon  the 
whole,  I  concluded  that  the  messenger  was  not  friend- 
ly to  the  Northern  cause. 

I  iianded  niy  letters  to  the  governor  of  the  Capi- 
tol; he  took  nie  all  through  the  great  building.  The 
senate  was  not  in  session.  "We  sat  down  there  to  rest. 
He  told  me  he  had  known  Lincoln  from  a  boy  He 
was  very  fond  of  him,  chiefly  on  account  of  his  sim- 
plicity of  manner,  and  also  because  of  the  extremes 
in  his  nature,  at  one  time  the  great  glee  and  drollery, 
and  then  at  otlier  times  his  intense  solemnity.  He 
said:  "Just  to  show  you,  I  went  over  to  see  him 
the  other  evening;  he  was  sitting  alone  before  the  ^re 
in  an  arm  chair.  A  few  moments  after,  Stanton,  .  .0 
of  liis  secretaries,  came  in  and  they  agreed  to  go  out 
together.  Lincoln  walked  to  the  side  of  tiie  room 
and  carried  a  pair  of  boots  by  the  top  straps  over 
to  his  chair.  He  then  pushed  one  of  his  slippers  off, 
revealing  a  hole  in  his  sock  opposite  tlie  big  toe.  He 
looked  up  and  snid  mirthfully:  'Stanton,  if  you 
liad  a  stocking  lik^  that,  what  would  you  do? '  Stan- 
ton said:  *I  would  take  it  off  and  change  it  over 
to  the  other  foot,  then  the  hole  would  come  around 
to  the  <ide.'     We  all  laughed,  but  Lincoln  silently 

154 


LINCOLN 


mado  tlio  clumjic  and  drew  on  In's  old-fasliioncd  boots, 
no  douht  niado  for  liini  at  Sprinpticlo  'oefore  he  left 
there."  As  we  arose  to  go  from  tlie  Senate  Thaniber 
the  frovernor  r(Mnarke<l :  "  Now  \ou  know  partly  what 
kind  of  a  man  Lineoln  is." 

(Jeneral  (Irant,  with  patienee  and  perseverance, 
had  tightened  the  liesiejiino'  ]ines  round  Kiehmond. 
Several  attempts  had  been  made  to  break  through 
them,  l)nt  Grant,  stern  and  inflexible  as  he  had  ever 
been,  held  every  point  with  a  grip  of  sn-el.  Lee,  one  of 
the  greatest  generals  of  his  generation,  knew  his  man. 

Grant  was  resolved  that  tl;"  Southern  army  should 
surrender,  or  that  no  man  should  leave  Kiehmond 
alive. 

Lee,  however,  made  good  his  eseape  on  the  1st  of 
April,  and  with  his  half- famished  army  attempted 
to  reach  Lynchlnirg.  hut  was  cut  off  from  this  by 
Sheridan's  cavalry,  .id  on  the  morning  of  the  9th  of 
April,  ISC'),  he  and  his  army  surrendered  at  Ap- 
ponuittox  C"'>urt  lIous(>. 

On  Sunday,  the  lM  of  April,  President  Davis 
and  ids  cabinet  had  evacuate<l  Kiehmond,  and  on 
Tuesday,  the  4fh,  two  days  after,  Mr.  Lincoln  was 
walking-  almost  entirely  unattended  through  the 
streets,  visiting  the  ruins  of  the  abandoned  city  He 
was  sure  that,  in  the  conduct  of  the  war,  he  had  acted 
rightly,  and  believed  the  Sotithern  people  thought 
the  same  of  him;  in  this  way  he  felt  th.it,  personally, 
he  was  free  from  danger. 

155 


LINCOLN 


s 


Five  days  later  he  returned  to  Washington,  and 
on  the  evening  of  the  14th  attended  Ford's  Theater. 
"  Our  Americ-an  C  ousin  "  was  heing  performed.    Mr. 
Lincoln  occupied  a  private  box  on  the  second  tier  to 
the  right,  as  one  enters  from  the  front.     Mrs.  Lin- 
coln,  Mrs.   Harris  and  ^Major  Rathbone  were  also 
in  the  box.     At  half  past  nine  o'clock  John  Wilkes 
Booth  said  to  the  bookkeeper  at  the  Willard  House: 
"  You  had  better  go  over  to  Ford's  to-night.    If  you 
do,  you  will  see  some  real  acting  there."     Ten  min- 
utes   later,    Booth    entered    the   theater.      Walking 
quickly  around  by  the  right-hand  passage,  and  dur- 
ing the  third  act,  when  there  was  a  moment's  pause 
for  an  av-tor  to  enter,  he  stepped  into  the  box  behind 
Mr.  Lincoln  and  shot  him  through  the  back  of  the 
head,  the  ball  entering  above  the  back  of  the  tem- 
poral bone.     The  President's  head   'ropped  forward, 
and  he  never  spoke  again.     Major  Rathbone  gra.sped 
the   assailant,   when  the  latter  turned   and  stabbed 
him.     Booth  step|wd  to  the  front  of  the  lw)x,  bran- 
dishing a  dagger  in  his  right  hand,  stained  with  the 
blood  of  Major  Ratlilxme,  and  shouted    •  ..ic  Semjier 
Tvrannis!  "    Siinultaneously  with  the  TitU?ring  of  the 
words  he  leaped  from  the  box  onto  the  stage;  turning 
to  the  au<lienc('  he  again  repeated  the  words:  "Sic 
Semper   Tyrannisl"    (this   U'lng  the  motto  of   the 
State  of  Virginia)  then  crossed   to  the  other  side  of 
the  stau<'.  iind  in  a  still  louder  voice  he  shouted:  "  Tho 
i>rtn\\\  I-  avciigeill  "  and  darted  ont  tlirough  the  back 

ir.n 


LINCOLN 


of  tlic  building.  A  horsje  awaited  him  at  the  door. 
He  vaulted  into  the  saddle  and  made  his  escape, 
("olonol  J.  B.  Stewart,  who  sat  near  the  footlighto, 
sprang  upon  the  stage  to  seize  him,  but  was  ob- 
structed by  the  fright  of  the  actors,  and  only  reached 
the  back  door  in  time  to  see  the  assassin  galloping 
away. 

Mrs.  Lini'oln  swooned  for  a  moment,  then  gave  a 
wild,  hysterical  scream,  while  the  whole  audience, 
pale  with  excitement,  after  a  moment's  pause,  rushed 
on  the  stage  and  round  the  President's  box.  Shouts 
were  heard:  "Stand  back!  Stand  back!  Give  him 
air!  For  (lod's  sake  give  him  air!  "  "  Has  anyone 
present  stiniulant.s  ^  "  "Some  one  bring  stimulants." 
"  Keep  the  passage  clear."  "  My  (Jod,  the  President 
is  killed!  "  This  confusion  lasted  for  a  few  minutes, 
when  throiigh  the  surging  mass  a  passage  was  cleared. 
Strong  arms  and  loving  hands  carried  the  gnat  man 
out  of  th<'  building  and  across  the  street  to  the  house 
of  Mr.  Patterson.  Surgeons  and  do-'tors  exhaiisted 
every  possible  eifort  known  to  medical  skill,  but  all 
hope  was  gone.  A  part  of  the  brain  and  blood  o<tze(l 
from  the  wound. 

(^oming  so  quickly  upon  the  fall  of  Richmond  and 
the  surrender  of  the  Southern  anny,  the  sluK'k  to  the 
people  was  terrible.  Twenty  thousand  men,  women 
and  children  jammed  the  streets  for  blocks  near  the 
scene  of  tli«>  dying  President.  A  military  cord(m 
was  placed  rouiid  the  liuiis<'  to  protect    it    from   the 

157 


LINCOLX 


surging  mass,  ("iray-liairod  men.  strong  old  soldiers, 
and  hundreds  of  women  wept  likeeliildren;  such  uni- 
versal lamentation  was  never  before  seen.  The  whole 
niemhers  of  the  eahinet.  including  Stanton,  usually 
stoical  and  cold,  were  hat  lied  in  t.>ars.  Their  hlood 
seemed  to  stand  still  with  horror  and  overwhelming 
jmin.  To  them,  as  t,)  all  men,  he  had  been  genial, 
tender  and  affectionate  in  ordinary  affairs,  while,  if 
need  be,  he  was  courageous,  bold  and  aggressive  to 
a  degree  rarely  foiuid  in  his  contemporaries. 

At  midnight  Colfax,  Sumner,  Farnsworth,  ■  ^n\^p. 
Custis,  Governor  Oglesby,  General  Meigs  an*  Colo- 
nel Hay  stood  around  their  illustrious  chief.  In  the 
morning  to  the  whole  world  the  f<dlowing  telegram 
announcetl  the  rc>\dt: 


"  Washingtcm,  15  April,  1805— Abra:.am  Lincoln 
died  this  morning  at  22  minutes  past  7  o'clock. 

Edw.vkd    M.  Stantov, 

Serrefanj  of  Wnr."" 


The  day  before,  at  4  \\  M.,  a  cabinet  meeting  had 
been  held,  at  which  (Jeneral  Grant  was  j)resent.  The 
conversation  turned  uj)on  the  affairs  of  the  South, 
as  to  what  steps  -hould  be  taken  to  quickly  and  ef- 
fectiniUy  bring  in  the  erring  brethren  and  restore 
good  f.cling  to  the  whole  nation.     Mr.  Lincoln  was 

v,Tv  el rful  and  h(.iM>ful.      lie  spoke  kindly  about 

(Jeneral    Lee  and  the  (  mifedcrate  h-aders.      All  was 

ir.s 


LINCOLX 


harmony,  hope  and  general  thankfulness  at  the  ad- 
vent of  the  mesjienger  of  Peace.  In  the  evening 
Speaker  Colfax  v.as  at  the  White  House.  At  tifti^en 
minutes  past  eight  the  President  said :  "  Mrs.  I.in- 
eoln  has  not  been  verv  well,  hut  the  papers  having 
announced  that  we  are  to  1h'  at  Ford's  to-night,  I  do 
not  like  to  disappoint  the  people,  so  we  must  go." 
He  left  the  house  with  a|)parent  regret.  He  urged 
Colfax  to  accompany  him,  but  he  having  an  appoint- 
ment with  his  friend  Ashman,  of  Massachusetts,  who 
was  also  there,  Mr.  Lincoln  excused  them. 

Upon  examination,  blood  was  found  on  the  hack 
of  the  cusiuoned  rocking  chair  in  whicii  the  President 
sat,  and  a  single-barrel  pistol  was  foimd  upon  the 
carpet.  Tlu'  assassin  was  about  thirty  years  of  age, 
five  t'cet  nine  inches  in  height,  fair  skin,  dark  hair, 
a  little  bushy,  inclined  to  be  curly.  He  wore  a  large 
nuistache.  In  two  weeks  he  was  traced  to  a  barn 
where  he  was  conceak'd.  His  pursuers  demanded  his 
surrender  or  they  would  kill  him.  His  answer  was: 
"  Then  bring  a  stretcher  for  me."  They  then  set  the 
building  on  fire,  and  in  the  midst  of  the  flames  fairly 
riddled  him  with  bullets.  The  fire,  however,  was 
subdued,  and  the  body  recovered  in  a  recognizable 
form  and  taken  back  to  Washiiigtdti.  lie  was  a  theat- 
rical performer,  l)orn  in  the  profession.  His  father 
was  on  the  stage  before  him,  and  his  brother,  Kdwin 
liooth,  !  distinguished  tragedian,  died  in  New  York 
the  7th  of  June,  l.sO;5. 

159 


LINCOLN 

The  (k'atlj  of  tlic  rn-sideiit  was,  indeed,  the  most 
tragic  event  of  modern  times.  It  was  vastly  more 
important  than  tlie  assassination  of  Julins  (^vsar 
in  the  ohl  Koman  time.  In  a  few  lionrs  a  thrill  of 
horror  reached  every  part  of  the  continent.  There 
was  no  ocean  ca!»le  then  to  carry  tlie  news.  In  seven 
days  after  it  reached  England.  The  whole  British 
nation  was  aroused.  It  created  a  profound  sensation 
among  the  masses,  while  Her  Majesty,  the  Queen, 
within  a  few  minutes  after  the  receipt  of  the  intelli- 
gence, with  her  own  hand  wrote  a  tender,  affectionate 
and  sympathetic  letter  of  condolence  to  Mrs.  Lin- 
coln, the  liaste  Ix'ing  in  order  to  secure  the  convey- 
ance of  the  letter  to  America  by  the  first  returning 

steamer. 

The  House  of  Lords,  the  most  august  legislative 
body  in  the  world,  passed  an  address  of  condolence; 
while  th<>  House  of  Commons,  powerful,  far-reaching, 
enlightened  and  independent,  without  delay  passed  a 
most  complimentary  address  to  the  American  nation, 
and  symj)athy  with  it  in  the  loss  of  the  President. 

The  wlx.Ie  world  was  awe-stricken  at  the  dreadful 
crime.  The  United  ;^lates,  North  and  South,  with 
horror  exclaimed  airainst  it.  All  business  stood  still; 
sorrow  and  mourning  marked  the  village  and  the 
great  city  alike.  The  highways  and  byways,  from 
Washington  to  New  York,  Detroit  to  ("liicago,  and 
on  to  Springfield,  the  burial  ]'\iv  >;  formed  an  im- 
pressive funeral  j)ageant,  in  extent  and  magnificence 

160 


LIXCOLN 

without  a  parallel  in  history.  All  ovet  Canada  meet- 
ings were  held ;  the  one  at  London  was  large  and  in- 
fluential. I  was  called  to  preside,  and  never  could 
there  l)e  more  pathos  and  honest  sympathy  thrown  into 
eloquent  speeches  and  warm  resolutions  than  on  that 
occasion.  So  shortly  hefore,  having  seen  and  con- 
versed with  Mr.  Lincoln,  my  feelings  were  greatly 
aroused.  The  resolutions  were  promptly  forwarded 
to  Washington. 

Mr.  Lincoln,  owing  to  the  important  events  of 
his  life  and  the  tragedy  of  his  death,  will  ever  be 
revered  and  honored  equal  to  Washington,  the  Father 
of  his  C'ountrv. 


161 


